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Chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Origin | Point of muscle attachment on the (usually) immobile bone |
| Insertion | Point of muscle attachment on the (usually) mobile bone |
| Agonist | Muscle that is directly performing action |
| Antagonist | Oppositional muscle that is not directly performing the action |
| Synergist | Several muscle groups working in tandem (together as a unit). |
| Fixator | Stabilizing muscle |
| Prime mover | Muscle that acts directly to bring about a desired movement. |
| Tendons | Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
| Fascicles | Bundle of muscle fibers (cells) and their associated tissues. Fasicles are bound by perimysium. |
| Name 5 types of muscle shapes | Circular Convergent Parallel Pennate Fusiform |
| Circular example | Orbicularis oculi |
| Convergent example | Pectoralis major |
| Parallel example | Abdominus rectus |
| Pennate example | Deltoid |
| Fusiform example | Biceps brachii |
| What are the general rules for muscle nomenclature? | origin and insertion, location, size, shape, orientation of fascicles, number of heads, function |
| Points of origin and insertion | Sternocleidomastoid (Origin-Sternum, Clavicle Insertion-Mastoid process) |
| Location | External obliques (External-outer) |
| Size | Gluteus maximus (maximus larger) |
| Shape | Deltoid (delta-triangle) |
| Orientation of fascicles | Rectus abdominus (Rectus- straight parallel fascicles) |
| Number of heads | Triceps (tri-3), Biceps (bi- 2) |
| Function | Adductor magnus (adductor moves towards the midline) |
| Name the functions of the muscular system. | Movement of the body, Maintenance of posture, Respiration, Production of body heat, Communication, Constriction of organs and vessels, & Contraction of the heart |
| What embryonic germ layer does muscle tissue arise from? | Almost all muscle tissue (Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac) is derived from the embryonic mesoderm germ layer. Some types of smooth muscle are derived from ectoderm. |
| Compare the following types of muscle: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac. | Skeletal-Voluntary, Highly striated Cardiac- Involuntary, Slightly striated, intercalated discs present Smooth- Involuntary, Non-striated |
| From where in the CNS do motor neurons emerge to activate muscle tissue? | Brain stem nuclei of CN III-VII, IX-XII / Ventral horn of spinal cord |
| What is a sarcomere? | The functional unit of skeletal muscle. A sarcomere unit runs from Z-disc to Z-disc and by actions of actin and myosin filaments, shortens, thereby producing a contraction. |
| Actin | Thin myofilament comprised of the proteins (F actin, Tropomyosin, and Troponin) |
| Myosin | Thick myofilament with head that binds to an active site on actin when troponin is removed. |
| Troponin | Protein that blocks actin’s active site. Removed by Ca2+ |
| What is the neurotransmitter involved in skeletal muscle contraction? | Ach (Acetylcholine) |
| With regard to the muscular system what are the effects of tetanus? Botulism? What is the mechanism of the effects? | Tetanus toxin prevents GABA from inhibiting muscle contractions Result is extreme rigidity. Botulism toxin prevents Ca2+ from binding to troponin, then that does not get removed & actin & myosin filaments cannot make contact. Result flaccidity, paralysis |
| Elevates and retracts mandible (Excursion, Mastication) | Temporalis |
| Elevates and protracts mandible (Excursion, Mastication) | Masseter |
| Closes eyes | Orbicularis oculi |
| Closes lips | Orbicularis oris |
| Rotation and lateral flexion of the neck | Sternocleidomastoid |
| Depresses hyoid (Swallowing) | Sternohyoid |
| Flexes and extends shoulder. Abducts, and both medially and laterally rotates arm. | Deltoid |
| Flexes shoulder and elbow. Supinates forearm and hand. . | Biceps brachii |
| Extends elbow, extends shoulder, adducts arm. (Triceps) | Long head, Lateral head, Medial head |
| Flexes elbow | Brachioradialis, Brachialis |
| Flexes wrist | Palmaris longus |
| Extends fingers and wrist | Extensor digitorum |
| Depresses scapula. Elevates ribs | Pectoralis major |
| Rotates and protects scapula. Elevates ribs. | Serratus anterior |
| Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen | Rectus abdominus |
| Flexes and rotates vertebral column, compresses abdomen, depresses thorax. | External oblique |
| Elevates, depresses, retracts, rotates, and fixes scapula. Extends neck. | Trapezius |
| Adducts and medially rotates arm. Extends shoulder. | Latissimus dorsi, teres major |
| Laterally rotates arm. Holds head of humerus in place. | Infraspinatus, teres minor |
| Tenses lateral fasciae and stabilizes femur on tibia when standing. Flexes hip. Abducts and medially rotates thigh. Tilts pelvis | Tensor fasciae latae |
| Flexion of hip and thigh. | Sartorius, Pectineus, Rectus femoris, adductor longus |
| Laterally rotates thigh. | Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis |
| Adduction of hip and thigh | Gracilis |
| Extension of hip and thigh. | Adductor magnus, Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus |
| Extends hip. Abducts and laterally rotates thigh. | Gluteus maximus |
| Abducts and laterally rotates thigh. Tilts pelvis to supported side. | Gluteus medius |
| Dorsiflexes and inverts foot. | Tibialis anterior |
| Extends 4 lateral toes Dorsiflexes and everts foot | Extensor digitorum longus |
| Plantar flexes foot | Soleus, Gastrocnemius |
Created by:
Khuller
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