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Immunology Final
Cancer Immunity, Lec 26
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ____ tumors have slow growth, are encapsulated and no metastasis. ____ tumors have fast growth, break out of the capsule, and metastasis. | Benign, Malignant |
| What is metastasis? | The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor other sites via Lymph, Blood circulation, or secondary tumors |
| What are the types of malignant tumors? | Carcinomas (skin), Sarcoma (connective tissue), Myeloma (plasma), Leukemia (blood cells from BM), Lymphoma (lymph nodes, spleen, etc) |
| Necessary characteristics of cancer cells include stimulating their own growth, ignore growth inhibiting signals, avoid death by ____, develop a _____ (angiogenesis), leave their site of origin to invade other tissues, ___, and ____. | apoptosis, blood supply, replicate continuously, evade/outrun the immune response |
| The two genes that regulate cell division are ____ such as ____ where ____ and _____ such as ____ where _____. Lots of mutations in these genes result in the survival of _____. | Proto-oncogenes, RAS, they regulate cell division, Tumor suppressor genes, p53, they induce apoptosis to cells with DNA mutations, malignant transformed cells |
| What are 4 things that cause cell malignant transformation? | Carcinogens (chemicals that cause DNA damage), Irradiation, Viral oncogene, and Chronic viral infection |
| What are 3 roles of the immune system in preventing cancer formation? | 1) Anti-viral immunity (viral induced cancer) 2) Reduce/prevent chronic inflammation by eliminating pathogens 3) Eliminate cancer cells that produce stress signals/altered MHC/express cancer Ags |
| What is the Immunosurveillance hypothesis? | the immune system surveys/eliminates malignant transformed cells that maybe constantly generated during a lifetime. Hard to demonstrate in vivo |
| The 3 phases of immunoediting are 1)Elimination where _____, 2)Equilibrium phase where ____, and 3)Escape phase where ____ | the developing tumor is recognized and destroyed by NK or CD4,8 T cells, tumor variants that survive elimination can be selected to survive (Cancer immunoediting), tumor cells circumvent immune elimination and grow uncontrollably |
| In the Escape phase, tumor cells Reduce tumor recog, Increase cell survival by ______ mechanism (BCL-2), and Induce immune suppression by producing ______ such as _____, ___, ___, ____, and ____ | anti-apoptotic mechanism, TGF-beta, IL-10, CTLA-4, PD-1, IDO |
| ___ are expressed only on tumor cells (not normal cells), and sources include _____, ______, and _____. | Tumor specific antigen, Viral proteins, Mutation of cellular protein, New fusion proteins/peptides |
| ____ are present on both tumor cells AND normal cells, such as the _____. | Tumor-associated antigens, CT Ag (cancer/testis antigen) |
| The first CT Ag recognized was called ______, then came _____ and _____. They are all normally expressed only in ______ and not on normal somatic cells including ______. | MAGE-A1, BAGE, GAGE, Testis, melanocytes |
| Innate immune effectors for anti-cancer immunity include ___ whose functions include killing cancer cells with decreased MHC expression (___), bind to transformed/cancer cells that express stress molecules (___), Bind to tumor sp Ab (__), activate DC (_) | NK cells, missing self, NKG2D, ADCC, IFN-gamma |
| Innate immune effectors for anti-cancer immunity include ____ (inflammatory M1) where they bind to tumor specific Ab through ____ and express ___, both of which kill cancer cells | Macrophages, FcR, TNF-alpha |
| Adaptive immune effectors for anti-cancer immunity include ____ that activate MOs, ____ that kill cancer cells, and _____ the produce tumor sp Ab | Th1 cells, CD*+ cytotoxic T cells, B cells |
| Cytokines for anti-cancer immunity include ____ that inhibit tumor cell growth, _____ that promote Th1 diff and CTL response, and ____ the directly kill tumor cells | IFNgamma, IL-12, TNF-alpha |
| T or F: Tumor cells express specific Ag and are distinguishable from normal cells | False |
| T or F: Tumor cells downregulate one or more HLA class 1 expression to avoid CD 8 CTL killing but may trigger NK cell killing (missing self) | True |
| Tumor antigen may induce _____ to T cells bc cancer cells and DC that present tumor Ag do not express co-stim molecules | anergy |
| ____ cells play an important role in tumor evasion of immune response -- they _____ in circulation and in the tumor mass of cancer patients. | Regulator T cells, increase |
| Tumor cells secrete immune suppressive cytokines such as ___ and ___, or molecules such as ____ or ____ to suppress anti-tumor immune response directly. Indirectly, they induce Treg (______) to suppress antitumor CTLs | TGF-beta, IL-10, PD-1, IDO, CD4+ CD25+ or FoxP3+ |
| Transformed cells normally express ____ on their surfaces that can be recog by ____, but successful cancer cells will produce protease to cleave MIC. This detached MIC binds to NKG2D to "distract" them from finding the tumor cells. | MIC, NKG2D |
| Vaccination for cancer prevention includes immunizing patients with tumor Ags such as ____ or ___ which can stimulate CTL response against cancer. | CT Ag MAGE-A1, CT Ag MAGE-A3 |
| Vaccination to prevent cancer includes those to prevent _______ which reduces viral caused cancers. | viral infection |
| ______ is an immune therapy for cancer prevention/treatment where they use ____ against cancer cell surface markers, ____, or tumor angiogenesis. They can either directly induce tumor cell lysis or conjugated with toxins. | Monoclonal Ab therapy, monoclonal Ab, tumor growth factor |
| What are 2 methods to remove immune suppression? | Deplete Treg cells or use anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal Ab |
| _______ is when autologous DC are collected from peripheral blood and pulsed with tumor Ags and are transferred back to the patient to activate anti-tumor T cell response. | DC based therapy |
| ____ (ACT) uses autologous ____ (TIL) that are collected in vitro and stim with cytokines to expand effector cells. Those effector cells are consequently depleted of Treg cells and transferred back to patients along w/cytokines to boost anti-tumor resp. | Adaptive cell therapy, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes |
Created by:
Hamncheese52
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