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Immunology Final
Mucosal Immune System, Lec 22
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| _____ are the most commont pathogen port of entry. | Mucosal sites |
| Immune responses to mucosal infection are induced in ______________. | MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissues) |
| Peyer's Patches is covered by ________ and ______. Under the epithelium layer is the ____, and has ______ and _____ with DC. PP allows fast pathogen detection and induction of immune resp during _______. | follicle associated epithelium, M cells, subepithelial dome, B cell follicles, parafollicular T cell areas, intestinal infection |
| What are M cells? | Microfold cells |
| M cells over PP do not have ______ nor ________. They contain ________ and DC. They sample gut contents and transport Ag to DC or B cells for Ag presentation. | enterocyte function, secret mucus, lymphocytes |
| DCs in the _____ can also sample Ag in the intestinal lumen for Ag presentation. ______ increases sampling frequencies. Ag loaded DCs in LP migrate to ____ or ______ to activate T cells. | LP (lamina propria), infection, PP (Peyer's patch), LN (lymph nodes) |
| What are commensal bacteria? | compete with pathogenic bacteria for space and nutrients. The numbers increase from small intestine to colon |
| _________ (a-defensins) are produced by Paneth cells in intestinal crypts. | Anti-microbial proteins |
| ______ (mucin) is produced by Goblet cells and forms a __________ layer. | Mucus, viscoelastic layer |
| ___________ is a tight junction of epithelia cells | Intestinal epithelia barrier |
| ________ removes bacteria. | Intestinal motility |
| Naive lymphocytes expressing CCR7 enter ____ or _____ through HEV and react to ________. They are activated by Ag presenting DCs to differentiate to become ____. (common mucosal lymphoid system) | PP (peyer's patch), mesenteric lymph nodes, CCL19/21, effector cells (effector T cells or B cell plasmablasts) |
| Activated lymphocytes in PP/mesenteric LN down regulate ____ so that they won't home to PERIPHERAL LN but the _____ or other mucosal sites instead. (common mucosal lymphoid system) | CCR7, gut |
| ____________ (Vit A derivative) in mucosal DC determines thet a4:b7 and CCR9 expression (in the blood vessel). | Retinoic acid |
| IEL (intraepithelial lymphocytes) also express ______ which interact with E-caherine expressed on ____________ which allow IELs to migrate to ______. | aE:b7, intestinal epithelial cells, epithelial cell layers |
| What will B cells activated in PP/mesenteric LN will differentiate into? | IgA secreting plasma blasts |
| IgA secreting plasma blasts home back to intestinal LP through expression of ____ and _____ to become __________. | a4:b7, CCR9, IgA secreting plasma cells |
| Secretory IgA (__________) can be transcytoses to the intestinal lumen and ______ toxin, ______ bacteria invading epithelial cells, and _____ viruses. | dimeric IgA with J chain, neutralize, prevent, neutralize |
| Secretory IgA can also carry Ag through ______ back to the intestine, and also faciliate _______. | M cells, Ag sampling and presentation |
| What can replace secretory IgA if individuals or animals are deficient? | Secretory IgM |
| What are 2 subclasses of IgA? | IgA1 and IgA2 |
| IgA isotype switch goes to _____ subclass first. | IgA1 |
| ______ has a LONG hinge region and is more effective to bind to pathogens for phagocytosis, but MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO BACTERIAL PROTEASE, esp. in intestinal lumen. | IgA1 |
| ______ is more RESISTANT TO BACTERIAL PROTEASE cleavage, so more of is presents in tissues with higher levels of bacteria (like the colon) | IgA2 |
| What is APRIL? | (A PRoliferation Inducing Ligand) a cytokine that promotes isotype switch to IgA2. It is a member or tumor narcosis factor (TNF) family and expressed in colon epithelial cells. |
| IELs (Introepithelial lymphocytes) are the largest lymphocyte population (__________ intestinal epithelial cells). | 1/10 |
| Conventional _____ and ______ T cells recognize Ag in MHC Class 1 context, and kill infected cells through _______ or __________ interaction. | ab-CD8, ab-TCR, cytotoxic granules, FasL/Fas |
| Nonconventional ___, _____, or _____ T cells do NOT recognize Ag on classic MHC. Instead, they use ______ to bind to cell stress signal MIC-A/B and kill infected cells by _________. | aa-CD8, ab-TCR, gammadelta-TCR, NKG2D, cytotoxic granules |
| ______ and _____ T cells also involve epithelial cell repair. | aa-CD8, gammadelta-TCR |
| In a normal steady-state, DC presents Ags from commensal bacteria and promotes _____ and tolerance to these Ags. | Regulatory T cell response |
| In a steady state, _______ and ______ inhibit DC and T cell activation and promote _______ differentiation to reduce inflammatory response. | IL-10, TGF-b, T reg |
| If the intestines are infected, pathogen PAMP or inflammatory cytokines activate DC to promote inflammatory response and induce ____, ____, and _____ responses. | Th1, Th2, Th17 |
| What is the purpose of vaccination? | to use inactivated/attenuated/nonvirulent pathogens to stimulate disease-free primary immune resp. to produce PROTECTIVE MEMORY RESPONSE against future virulent pathogen infection. |
| What causes smallpox? | human poxvirus VARIOLA, which is a large dsDNA virus |
| Why is the cowpox virus used as the vaccine for humans? | the virus from the cow is less virulent than in the human, but can still stimulate cross-reactive protection |
| ______ is highly contagious, replicates in dermis epithelial cells, and is cleared by CTL but protection is mediated by ________ response. | Smallpox, nuetralizing IgG |
| What are the 6 forms of vaccines? | 1) Live naturally attenuated vaccine 2) Live attenuated vaccine 3) Inactivated (killed) vaccine 4) Toxoid vaccine 5) Subunit vaccines 6) Conjugate vaccine |
| Feng's favorite: _______ vaccine is based on its bovine counterpart bc it does not infect humans badly. Its surface proteins ____ and ____ are replaced by those of the human version. | Rotavirus, VP4, VP7 |
| Rotarix uses VP4 and VP7 from ______, while RotaTeq uses 5 strains where it include ____ form both cattle and human. | humans, VP4 |
| How doe live attenuated vaccines work? | growing viruses repeatedly in a non-human cell line cultures and isolating strains that no longer grow well in humans. |
| What are example viruses that are used in Live Attenuated Vaccines? | Examples are polio, measles, mumps, influenza |
| What is a problem with genetic manipulation when making live attenuated vaccines? | Gene revertants where vaccine strains may mutate back to the virulent form or acquire deleted virulence genes |
Created by:
Hamncheese52
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