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Immunology Final
Vaccines, Lec 21
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Killed or subunit vaccines are not strong _________, meaning they cannot stimulate strong immune responses | Immunogens |
| What is an Adjuvant? | induces inflammation. Use of this with vaccine enhances vaccine's immunogenicity. |
| What is the most effective Adjuvant? | Freund's complete adjuvant |
| What does Freund's complete adjuvant contain? | 1) Killed mycobacteria 2) Mineral oil 3) Alum = aluminum hydroxide 4) MF59 = emulsion of squalene, oil, and water |
| Most killed vaccines are poor stimulators for _______, which is important for immunity against VIRAL infections and TUMORS | CD 8 T cell response |
| What are ISCOMs? | Immune stimulatory complex = lipid carriers that deliver peptide Ag to cytoplasm to be presented by MHC class ONE molecule to stimulate CD8 T cell response |
| Can our immune system prevent pathogen infection? | NO, pathogens develop mechs to counteract our immune defense |
| What are 5 pathogen strategies to counteract our immmune defense? | 1) Anti-immune mechs = allow initiation of infection 2) Acute infection = find host, rapid replication, secrete high #'s of progeny 3) Chronic infection/latency = low replication, suppress immune response 4) Produce gen variations 5) Frquent mutations |
| T or F: ALL pathogens have mechs to subverts immune response | True |
| Why is a serotyping assay? | To detect distinctive pathogen antigenic strains |
| Why is serotyping Ab produced? | To test against unknown pathogen isolates by interacting with a pathogen of serotype A and is THEN used to test against the unknown. |
| If Serotype Ab CAN interact with unknown pathogen isolate, it is the ________ serotype. If it can NOT interact with the unknown isolate, it is the __________ serotype. | Same, different |
| T or F: Serotypes can be determined by multiple surface or non-surface molecules | True |
| What are two types of serotype and Ab protective efficacy? | 1) Homotypic reactivity/homotypic protection 2) Heterotypic reactivity/heterotypic protection/cross reactivity |
| How do pathogens evade the immune response? | They change their surface molecules |
| T or F: influenza surface can undergo frequent mutation called Antigenic DRIFT | True |
| Does influenza have segmented genome? | Yes |
| What is Antigenic SHIFT? | The gene of the viruses can undergo recombination which results in different virus strain |
| Epidemic is an incidence in a _______ population, and Pandemic is an incidence in a __________ population. ___________ was a pandemic. | Local, Worldwide, Swine flu H1N1 strain |
| What are the two types of influenza vaccine? | 1) TIV trivalent, by injection (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B) 2) LAIV (Live attenuated Influenza vaccine), by nasal spray |
| _____ has dsRNA w/ ___ segmented genomes, causes acute diarrheal disease in kids by replicating in the Mature Enterocytes in the _____. Adults are not susceptible | Rotavirus, 11, small intestine |
| Rotavirus: what is important for clearing primary infection and for protection against re-infection? | CD8 IEL T cells to clear it, and Mucosal IgA response to protect against re-infection |
| How are rotavirus vaccines derived? | From live attenuated viruses |
| **What is the difference between Rotarix and RotaTeq? (Hint: think the serotypes) | Rotarix derived from only ONE attenuated human serotype G1/P8, while RotaTeq is derived from bovine viruses that contain human serotypes G1,2,3,4, and P8 |
| ______ is dsDNA causes initial acute infection that is cleared by ____. It will become LATENT in _______ where there is very little expression of viral proteins. It will reactivate if the host immune system is down. | Herpesvirus, CTL, SENSORY NEURONS |
| ____ is a retrovirus with (+)sense RNA. Some viral transcripts require _______ to cleave into separate functional viral proteins. | HIV, VIRAL PROTEASE |
| In HIV replication, surface trimeric _____ binds to _____ and co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4)on CD4 T cell,MO, and DC. Conformation change to ___ fuses virus with cell membrane. ______ makes a DNA copy of virus RNA to integrate using _____. | gp120, CD4, gp41, REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE, INTEGRASE |
| What are the 3 stages of HIV clinical infection? | Acute/primary latency, Clinical latency, and disease progression where CD4 counts reduce to a critical level. |
| T or F: at laste stage of infection, most HIV virus variants are Lymphocyte-tropic | True |
| What are the 3 functions of REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE? | 1) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase 2) Ribonuclease activity 3) DNA-dependent DNA polymerase |
| If you block viral protease, can you ihibit HIV viral infection? | Yes |
| HIV: Macrophage-tropic variant ___________, and lymphocyte-tropic variant _____________. | Spread infection, cause disease |
| Describe Macrophage-tropic HIV variant | Require low levels of CD4, binds to CCR5, infects Macrophage, DC and CD4T cells. They spread easily |
| Describe Lypmhocyte-tropic HIV variant | after infection progression. Requires high levels of CD4, binds to CXCR4, infect and kills CD4T cells efficiently and causes AIDS. |
| What is a quasi-species? | When multiple species of viruses at anytime |
| HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) is a ______________________ used to kill the virus before the drug resistant virus species can be established. | combined therapy with multiple drugs |
| _________ is gram (+) and causes pneumonia and ear infection. Its vaccine is a heptavalent ________ containing 7 different serotypes of capsular polysaccharides conjugated into Diptheria proteins(Prevnar). | Streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) |
| ______ virus is a (-)sense, ssDNA, segmented virus that causes deadly respiratory infection. Protective immunity involves _____ neutralizing antibody response. | Influenza A, neutralizing IgA |
| Influenza A viral surface ___________ (HA) attaches and enters target cells. _________(NA) helps release virus from infected cells. | Hemagglutinin Neuraminidase |
| HA and NA determine ___________ (H1-H16) and (N1-N9). | influenza serotypes |
| Serotypes of the Rotavirus are determined by virus surface ____ and ___. | VP4, VP7 |
| _____ T cells are important for clearing primary infection of Rotaviruses. ______ is important in protection against re-infection. | CD8 IEL, Mucosal IgA response |
| The vaccine for Herpesvirus infection is _______ which is activated by viral protein ________ (TK) to inhibit viral DNA synthesis. | Acyclovir, thymidine kinase |
| _______ is the increase of virus in blood and decrease of CD4 T cells. | Acute (primary) Infection |
| _____ is when viral replication and immune defense reach a balance. HIV remains actively replicating while HSV does not. | Clinical Latency |
| _____ is when the virus overwhelms the host immune system and reduces CD4 count to <200cells/mm^3. The patient has AIDS. | Disease progression |
Created by:
Hamncheese52
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