Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Fluid & electrolytes
Anatomy & Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| fluid balance | fluid intake is often erratic and there are constant physiologic adjustments made throughout the day to maintain balance within homeostatic limits |
| electrolyte balance | constantly regulated |
| imbalances in both fluid and electrolytes | can occur in certain disease states |
| fluid percentage | 45 to 75% by weight, average of 65% |
| fluid percentage depends on age | infants with highest percentage of fluid, elderly with lowest percentage of fluid, children and young and middle-aged adults in between, and this generally decreases with age |
| fluid percentage depends on relative amounts of adipose and skeletal muscle tissues | adipose tissue contains about 20% water, while skeletal muscle contains 75% water; generally males have more skeletal muscle and thus a slightly higher fluid percentage, and the relative fluid percentage decreases with increased body fat |
| fluid percentage determines susceptibility to fluid imbalance | individuals with lower percentage at higher risk of fluid imbalance (i.e. elderly at greater risk that adults) |
| intracellular fluid (ICF) | fluid inside cells that accounts for 2/3 of total fluid in the body, fluid is enclosed in plasma membrane, and allows passage of some, but not all, substances |
| extracellular fluid (ECF) | fluid outside cells and is composed of interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid |
| interstitial fluid | extracellular fluid that surrounds and "bathes" cells and composes 2/3 of extracellular fluid |
| intravascular fluid | extracellular fluid within blood vessels, separated from interstitial fluid by capillary vessel wall and composes 1/9 of fluid in blood |
| specific extracellular fluids | cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous and vitreous humor, fluids of inner ear, and serous fluids (not subject to significant daily gains and losses) |
| composition of body fluid... | differs in the two compartments |
| intracellular fluid vs. extracellular fluid | intracellular has more K+, Mg2+, PO4 3-, and negatively charge proteins (differences arise because of differences within cell and transport proteins (i.e. Na+/K+ pump) |
| two components of extracellular fluid are similar to each other | high Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and HCO3- (proteins present in plasma but little in interstitial fluid) |
| fluid movement between compartments | occurs continuously in response to changes in relative osmolarity, and the concentration in one compartment is either hypotonic or hypertonic (water moves by osmosis from hyoptonic solution and continues until concentration equal) |
| when drinking water... | water enters blood from the digestive system, decreases plasma osmolarity, water moving into interstitial fluid, then into cells, and reverse movement if water lost from the body |
| fluid balance | exists when fluid intake is equal to fluid output, normal distribution of water and solutes in both compartments, influenced by multiple body systems (digestive, cardiovascular, lymphatic, integumentary, respiratory, urinary, nervous, and endocrine) |
| fluid intake | addition of water to body (2500 mL/day) |
| preformed water | water absorbed from food and drink (2300 mL per day) and is the major way to significantly increase fluid in body |
| metabolic water | water produced from aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration (200 mL per day) |
| fluid output | loss of water from the body (about 2500 mL) occurs through breathing, sweating, evaporation of water through skin (cutaneous transpiration), defecation, and urination (60%) |
| fluid output is dependent on... | physical activities, environment, and internal conditions and can be described as sensible and insensible or obligatory and facultative |
| sensible water loss | measurable and includes fluid lost through feces and urine |
| insensible water loss | not measurable, fluid lost in expired air, fluid lost from skin through sweat and cutaneous transpiration |
| obligatory water loss | loss of water that always occurs (i.e. water lost through breathing and through skin, water lost through feces and minimal urine needed to eliminate waste) and approximately 500 mL a day |
| facultative water loss | controlled water loss that is dependent on hydration of body, and is hormonally regulated in kidney nephrons (only mechanism to control fluid output and can decrease fluid loss if body is dehydrated) |
| fluid imbalance occurs if... | fluid output does not equal fluid intake |
| types of fluid imbalance | volume depletion, volume excess, dehydration, hypotonic hydration, and fluid sequestration |
| volume depletion | occurs when isotonic fluid loss is greater than isotonic fluid gain (i.e. hemorrhage, severe burns, chronic vomiting, diarrhea, hyposecretion of aldosterone) |
| volume excess | isotonic fluid gain is greater than isotonic fluid loss, fluid intake normal but decreased fluid loss through kidneys |
| dehydration | from profuse sweating, diabetes, hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone, insufficient water intake, or overexposure to cold weather can cause possible dehydration of body cells |
| hypotonic hydration | also called water intoxication and can result from ADH hypersecretion; generally caused by drinking a large amount of plain water and can result in swelling of cells, cerebral edema due to brain cell swelling, convulsions, coma, and death (severe cases) |
| fluid sequestration | body fluid distributed abnormally, can result in edema |
| edema | puffiness with fluid accummulation in interstitial space (can result in abnormal changes in cardiovascular system, abnormal blood composition, and changes to lymph vessels) |
| monitor fluid indirectly through... | blood volume, blood pressure and blood plasma osmolarity |
| fluid intake | increases blood pressure and decreases blood osmolarity |
| fluid output | decreases blood pressure and increases blood osmolarity |
| molecules in solution | nonelectrolytes and electrolytes |
| nonelectrolytes | molecules that do not dissociate in solution and most are covalently bonded organic molecules (i.e. glucose) |
| electrolytes | dissociate in solutions to form cations and anions, includes salts, acids, and bases, refers to ability of substances to conduct current when dissolved (i.e. NaCl dissociating Na+ and Cl-) and each with unique function as well as osmotic functions |
| sodium ion (Na+) | 99% in ECF and 1% in ICF (gradient maintained by Na+/K+ pumps), functions in a number of physiological processes, and about 2g/day are necessary, lost through urine, feces, and sweat, and amount lost is regulated by aldosterone, ADH and ANP |
| aldosterone (Na+) | retains Na+ and water, maintains Na+ blood plasma concentration |
| ADH (Na+) | retain water and decreases Na+ blood plasma concentration |
| ANP (Na+) | increases secretion of Na+ and H20 and decreases Na+ blood plasma concentration |
| potassium ion | 99% in ICF (maintained by Na+/K+ pump) and is required for neuromuscular activities and controlling heart rhythm and only portion in ECF is regulated, most lethal of the electrolyte imbalances (can lead to cardiac or respiratory arrest) |
| aldosterone (K+) | causes K+ secretion by kidneys (and excretion in urine) and decreases K+ blood plasma concentration |
| chloride ion | common anion normally associated with Na+, most abundant anion in ECF, found in lumen of stomach as HCl, lost in sweat, stomach secretions and urine |
| calcium ion (Ca2+) | most abundant electrolyte n bone & teeth (99% stored here), moved by pumps from cells/ into sarcoplasmic reticulum), needed 4 muscle contraction & neurotransmitter release, lost n urine,feces,&sweat, regulated by parathyroid hormone,calcitriol,&calcitonin |
| phosphate ion (PO4 3-) | most abundant anion in ICF, 85% stored in bone and teeth as calcium phosphate, component of DNA, RNA, and phospholipids, intracellular buffer and urine buffer, and regulated by many of same mechanisms as Ca2+ |
| magnesium ion (Mg2+) | primarily within bone or within cells, second most abundant cation in ICF, participates in hundred of enzymatic reactions, assists in Na+/K+ pump, important in muscle relaxation, and lost through sweat and urine |
Created by:
Nicolekr
Popular Biology sets