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A&P
Excelsior Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The thumb is considered to be ______ to the finger. | lateral |
| What term refers to the lower arm? | antebrachium |
| The sural and crural are anatomical terms for the ___. | lower leg |
| The epigastric region is a region that is part of what cavity? | abdominopelvic cavity |
| The hypogastric region is immediately inferior to the ____region. | umbilical |
| The spleen is located in the ____ region. | left hypochondriac |
| The maintenance of an optimal internal environment is termed ___. | homeostasis |
| When the body temperature rises, the body has ways to correct the situation and reduce the body temperature back to the normal range. This is an example of ___. | negative feedback mechanism |
| The process of childbirth is an example of what type of feedback mechanism? | positive feedback mechanism |
| In order to determine the atomic mass unit of an atom; you would have to add the number of ____ to the number of _____. | protons, neutrons |
| What orbits around the nucleus of an atom? | electrons |
| When the number of _____ change, the atom becomes an isotope. | neutrons |
| Atoms arranged in the first column on the periodic table are arranged in that manner because they have _____ _____. | common characteristics |
| What subatomic particle of an atom cannot change? | protons |
| The last column on the periodic table consist of inert atoms. These atoms will not become _____. | ions |
| Atoms that have the same number of protons but yet a different number of neutrons are called an _____. | isotope |
| Amino acids bonded together will form a ____. | protein molecule |
| Molecules that store and process information in the cells are collectively called____. | nucleic acids |
| Carbon dioxide has how many double bonds? | 2 |
| A solution that has a pH of 3 is how many times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 6? | 1,000 |
| pH is a measure of what ions in solution? | hydrogen |
| A solution that stabilizes the pH of a solution is a____ | buffer |
| What cell organelles produce cellular energy? | Mitochondria |
| What cell organelle produce protein? | ribosomes |
| Chromosomes are structures that are composed of _____ | molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid |
| The cell membrane is composed of how many layers? | 2 |
| What molecule is found only in the oter layer of the cell membrane? | Glycolipids |
| The molecule that transports information from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes of the cell for the purpose of producing protein is | ribonucleic acid |
| The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a cell membrane is called _____. | process of osmosis |
| If the extracellular fluid considered of higher concentration of solutes than the intracellular fluid, the extracellular fluid would be called _____. | hypertonic |
| A cell that is exposed to a hypertonic environment will ______. | dehydrate |
| The phase of mitosis where the paired chromatids are being pulled apart is called _____. | anaphase |
| The phase of mitosis where the paired chromatids line up in the center of the nuclear region is called _______. | metaphase |
| At the end of cell reproduction, one cell will have become how many cells? | 2 |
| Adipose cells belong to what tissue category? | connective tissue |
| When viewing cells in the microscope, the cells that have a striped appearance are the ________. | skeletal muscle cells |
| Cells that contract under involuntary control are ________. | smooth muscle cells |
| The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ________. | stratum corneum |
| Melanocytes are cells that_____________. | produce a pigment to protect the skin |
| Which layer of the skin protects against invading pathogens? | epidermis |
| Glands that are involved in lubricating the skin are called _______. | sebaceous glands |
| Glands that produce perspiration for cooling purposes are called_______ | merocrine glands |
| A plugged ________gland may result in pimple formation | sebaceous |
| The suture of the skull that articulates the two parietal bones is called the ______ suture. | sagittal |
| How many temporal bones are there in the skull? | 2 |
| What is the name of the skull bone that makes up the posterior skull? | occipital |
| What is considered the "upper" jaw? | maxilla |
| The inferior portion of the nasal septum is called the _________ | vomer |
| The "cheek" bones are anatomically known as the _________ bones | zygomatic |
| What is the name of the foramen the spinal cord passes through? | Foramen magnum |
| The foramen spinosum is a little posterior to the______ | foramen ovale |
| The large foramen located on the maxillary bones is the _______ | infraorbital foramen |
| Vertebra number one that hinges with the skull is called the _______ | atlas |
| How many lumbar vertebrae are there? | 5 |
| Humans have how many pairs of ribs? | 12 |
| What bone consist of the "elbow"? | Ulna |
| How many carpals are there per wrist? | 8 |
| The bones that make up the back of the hand are called the _______ | metacarpals |
| Which bone consist of the greater trochanter? | femur |
| Which bone of the lower leg is lateral to the other? | fibula |
| How many tarsal bones are there per ankle? | 7 |
| What muscle is lateral to the palmaris longus? | flexor carpi radialis |
| What muscle is lateral to the semitendinosus? | biceps femoris |
| What is the name of the major muscle located near the parotid salivary glands and is used for closing the jaw for chewing purposes? | masseter |
| The main functioning unit of a muscle is the _____ | muscle sarcomere |
| During muscle contraction, one of the protein filaments slide. What is the filament that slides? | Actin |
| Cross-bridges stretch and bond to what filament? | Actin |
| What is the name of the cells that are responsible for conducting impulses? | Neurons |
| Neurotransmitters are released from the _______ | axons |
| The most abundant ions located on the outside of the neuron are ________ ions | sodium |
| Stimulation of the reticular activating system will keep a person ________ | alert |
| The bundle of nerve fibers that "connect" the left hemisphere with the right hemisphere are called the______ | corpus callosum |
| The thalamus and hypothalamus are part of the_______ region of the brain. | diencephalon |
| What is not part of the nerve plexus system? | thoracic nerves |
| What is the name of the cells that are responsible for conducting impulses? | Neurons |
| Neurotransmitters are released from the _______ | axons |
| The most abundant ions located on the outside of the neuron are ________ ions | sodium |
| The brachial plexus consist of nerves that emerge from the _______ | cervical and brachial region |
| The phenic nerve is part of the _______ plexus | cervical |
| The meninges are membranes that surround the ______ and _________ | brain, spinal cord |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the | choroid plexus |
| Cerebrospinal fluid flows between the ________ and _______ | pia mater, arachnoid |
| Stimulation of what nerve will cause the pupils of the eyes to contract? | parasympathetic |
| Stimulation of what nerve will cause the pupils to dilate? | sympathetic |
| Stimulation of the vagus nerve can cause the heart rate to slow down. The vagus nerve is what kind of nerve? | parasympathetic |
| How many pair of cranial nerves are there? | 12 |
| What is the number for the cranial nerve that is involved in sending impulses to the occipital lobe for the interpretation of vision? | II |
| An affliction of what cranial nerve may result in the condition known as Bell's palsy. | facial nerve |
| The optic disc of the eye is the region where _______ and the ____ emerges from the eye. | blood vessels, optic nerve |
| What ossicle is connected directly to the ear drum? | malleus |
| The optic nerve is located... | a little bit medial to the center of the eye |
| The posterior pituitary gland releases what hormone? | antidiuretic hormone |
| What hormone is involved in sperm production? | follicle stimulating hormone |
| The adenohypophysis is known as the____ | anterior pituitary |
| An affliction of what cranial nerve may result in the condition known as Bell's palsy. | facial nerve |
| The optic disc of the eye is the region where _______ and the ____ emerges from the eye. | blood vessels, optic nerve |
| What ossicle is connected directly to the ear drum? | malleus |
| The optic nerve is located... | a little bit medial to the center of the eye |
| The posterior pituitary gland releases what hormone? | antidiuretic hormone |
| What hormone is involved in sperm production? | follicle stimulating hormone |
| The adenohypophysis is known as the____ | anterior pituitary |
| An affliction of what cranial nerve may result in the condition known as Bell's palsy. | facial nerve |
| The optic disc of the eye is the region where _______ and the ____ emerges from the eye. | blood vessels, optic nerve |
| What ossicle is connected directly to the ear drum? | malleus |
| The optic nerve is located... | a little bit medial to the center of the eye |
| The posterior pituitary gland releases what hormone? | antidiuretic hormone |
| What hormone is involved in sperm production? | follicle stimulating hormone |
| The adenohypophysis is known as the____ | anterior pituitary |
| What hormone acts as a negative feedback to calcitonin? | Parathormone |
| The pancreas releases insulin and also _______ | glucagon |
| What gland produces epinephrine? | adrenal medulla |
| Erythropoiesis is the process of the formation of ___________________ | red blood cells |
| The breakdown of old red blood cells will eventually form _______ | bilirubin |
| A deficiency in _________________will cause the kidney cells to release erythropoietin to begin the process of red blood cell formation | oxygen |
| White blood cells that increase in numbers during an allergic reaction are ________ | eosinophils |
| What is the most common leukocyte when a patient is in homeostasis | neutrophils |
| What leukocyte is typically the first one to respond to a bacterial infection? | neutrophils |
| Heparin is an anticoagulant. It prevents blood from clotting by inhibiting what blood clotting factor? | Calcium ions |
| Platelets are derived from _______ | megakaryoblasts |
| Aspirin is an anticoagulant because it.. | reduces platelet stickiness |
| When discussing blood, the agglutinin is the specific term for the ____ found in the plasma of blood. | antibodies |
| What is the term for the glycolipid on the surface of red blood cells? | agglutinogen |
| Packed blood consist of ______ blood cells only. | red |
| Can type A plasma be donated to a type AB patient? | NO |
| A person with type A blood cannot donate to a person with type B blood. This is because the ________ of the type B recipient will be activated by the ______ of the donor. When this happens, blood will clump. | agglutinins, agglutinogens |
| Blood on the left side of the heart is _____ | oxygenated |
| The right ventricle of the heart pumps blood to the ____ | lungs |
| Cardiac cells are found in what layer of the heart? | myocardial layer |
| The sinoatrial node (pacemaker) is located in the ______ | right atrium |
| The QRS complex of an ECG represents the depolarization of the ________ | ventricles |
| Stimulation of the __________________ will result in ventricular contraction. | Purkinje fibers |
| Blockage of the thoracic duct will hinder the flow of _______ to the ___________________ | lymph, left subclavian vein |
| Lymphocytes are not located where? | Brain |
| Lymphocytes are located where? | tonsils, spleen, thymus |
| What cell primarily produces antibodies? | B cells |
| T cells and B cells are a type of | lymphocyte |
| When the thymus gland fails to produce thymosin, there will be a decreased number of | T cells |
| Blocking T cell activity would cause a decrease in | antibody production by the B cells |
| Air enters into the trachea by passing through the opening to the trachea called the ______ | glottis |
| The palatine tonsils are located in the | oropharynx region |
| The respiratory tubes that branch off the trachea are called the | primary bronchi |
| Blood capillaries that surround the _____ will absorb oxygen. | alveoli |
| The diaphragm muscle moves ______ in order for inhalation to occur. | downward |
| In order to inhale, the thoracic cavity must _______in size thus _________ thoracic pressure | increase, decreasing |
| What percentage of the carbon dioxide produced will be exhaled? | 23 % |
| What acts as a buffer inside the red blood cell? | hemoglobin |
| An increase in carbon dioxide will result in an ________ in hydrogen ions. | increase |
| What is the name of the salivary glands that are located near the masseter muscle? | parotid |
| The ____________ closes over the opening of the trachea to prevent food from going down the trachea | epiglottis |
| The anatomical name for the canine teeth is _____ | cuspid |
| What is the correct sequence for food passing through the small intestine? | Duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| The structures insde the small intestine that are involved in absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream are called _______ | villi |
| Most of the digestion occurs in the_____ | small intestine |
| The Pancreas is an __________structure of digestion. | accessory |
| What is the function of bile? | emulsify fat |
| What organ stores bile? | Gallbladder |
| The small intestine joins the large intestine at the_____ | cecum |
| The functions of the large intestine is to: | -get rid of waste-house bacteria, which produce Vitamin K-reabsorb water |
| The appendix is attached to the | cecum |
| The hormone ______ causes the liver to produce bile and the hormone ________ causes the gallbladder to contract, thereby releasing bile into the small intestine. | secretin; cholecystokinin |
| What hormone is involved in getting the pancreas to release buffers into the small intestine? | secretin |
| What hormone causes the stomach to produce acid? | Gastrin |
| Glycolysis is a metabolic process that occurs in the.... | cytosol of the cell |
| The Krebs reactions are a series of metabolic reactions that occur in the | mitochondria |
| What molecule transports hydrogen ions to the electron transport system for the purpose of buffering and ATP protection? | NADH |
| What vitamin becomes NAD? | Niacin |
| The absorption of iron for the purpose of producing hemoglobin requires the presence of | Vitamin B-12 |
| What vitamin is necessary for the blood clotting process? | K |
| The cholesterol that is transported to the liver to be incorporated into bile is known as _______________ cholesterol and is transported by _____________. | good; HDL |
| LDL molecules have a tendency to drop cholesterol off in the.... | arteries |
| What urinary tubes exit the kidneys? | Ureters |
| What urinary tubes exit the urinary bladder? | Urethra |
| Which kidney sits higher in the body than the other? | Left |
| The first part of a nephron is the.... | glomerular capsule |
| The kidneys are made of cortex region and the medulla region. Most of the nephrons are in the ______ region of the kidneys. | cortex |
| Waste products are forced out of the glomerular capillaries into the _______ of the nephron. | glomerular capsule |
| One function of the kidneys is to "cleanse" the blood or filter it. This process occurs at the ______________ and ________________ | glomerular capillaries; glomerular capsule |
| Approximately what percentage of the water that enters the kidneys is put back into the bloodstream to prevent dehydration? | 99% |
| After filtration, which vessel consists of "cleaner" blood? | renal vein |
| What is the name of the tube that transports sperm cells from the testes to the penile urethra? | ductus deferens |
| The first gland the sperm cells swim past is the_______ | seminal vesicle |
| A hormone from the pituitary gland initiates the production of sperm cells. What is the name of this hormone? | follicle stimulating hormone |
| Successful fertilization of the egg occurs in the.... | distal two-thirds of the uterine tubes |
| When a follicle ruptures, it releases the egg. This rupture follicle is now called a... | corpus luteum |
| The ruptured follicle will secrete.... | progesterone |
| A decrease in ______ will initiate the menstrual cycle. | progesterone |
| A decrease in _____ will initiate menopause. | follicle stimulating hormone |
| What releases the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone? | the zygote and placenta |
| How are the hands positioned in the anatomical position? | hands are at the side of the body with palms facing anterior |
| When you discuss a patient, you refer to thumbs as _____ structures compared to the position of the little finger | lateral |
| When you discuss a patient, you refer to the hallux as a _______ structure compared to the position of the little toe | medial |
| What is the anatomical term that refers to the mouth? | oris |
| What is the name of the first part inferior to the oris? | mentis |
| The armpit area is called the ____ | axilla |
| The wrist area is called the _____ and the ankle area is called the _____. | carpal; tarsal |
| What is the name of the first part that is inferior to the posterior brachium? | cubital (oclecranon) |
| The brachium is located ________ to the antecubital. | superior or proximal |
| Posterior to the knee region is the _____ | popliteal |
| What is the name of the first part that is superior to the sura? | popliteal |
| The area between the right hypochondriac and the left hypochondriac is called the... | epigastric |
| The ascending colon of the large intestine is located in the _______ region. | right lumbar |
| The plane that passes through the body and separates it into anterior and posterior portions is the.... | frontal |
| The diaphragm muscle actually "divides" the body as a ________ cut. | transverse |
| The body responds to bacteria by creating fever. This is an example of what type of feedback mechanism? | positive |
| A pH of 3 is how many times more acidic than a pH of 7? | 10,000 |
| A pH of 8 is how many times more basic than a pH of 6? | 100 |
| Which cell organelle produces protein? | ribosomes |
| The mitochondria produce______ | ATP |
| What is the molecule that "delivers" a message to the ribosomes telling them to make protein? | messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) |
| Transcription occurs at the _____________ and translation occurs at the _______________ | DNA molecule; ribosomes |
| The most abundant molecule that make up the cell membrane is the.... | phospholipid |
| What is the name of the molecule that will form a channel to allow material to pass in and out of the cell. | protein |
| In hypertonic ECF the ECF has a ___________ concentration of solutes than the ICF has. | higher |
| In hypotonic ECF the ECF has a _______ concentration of solutes than the ICF has. | lower |
| A cell contains 30% water and the environment (ECF) the cell sits in is hypertonic. In order for this statement to be true, the percentage of solutes in the ECF has to be _____ | greater than 70% |
| The environment (ECF) a cell sits in contains 20% solutes and the cell itself is considered to be hypertonic. In order for this statement to be true, the percentage of solutes inside the cell has to be _____ | 20% |
| What is the name of the phase of mitosis where the spindle fibers retract and therefore begin to pull the paired chromatids apart? | Anaphase |
| We can first begin to see the paired chromatids during which phase of cell reproduction? | Prophase |
| The main way to identify cardiac cells is to look for__________ | intercalated disc |
| The main way to identify cartilage cells is via the presence of a large____ | lacuna |
| What cell type is classified a having involuntary action other than cardiac cells? | smooth muscle cells |
| What type of cells provides us with our second line of defense? | Leukocytes (white blood cells) |
| What integumentary gland is involved in acne production? | Sebaceous gland |
| What integumentary gland is involved in cooling the body? | Merocrine gland |
| The mastoid process is _______________ (directional term) to the external auditory meatus | posterior |
| The lateral edge of the sphenoid bone is _________ to the temporal bone. | anterior |
| The lacrimal bone is immediately anterior to the _______________bone. | ethmoid |
| What is the name of the bone that makes up the posterior one-third of the roof of the mouth? | posterior palatine |
| The temporal mandibular joint is made of ________ | mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle of the mandible |
| The coronoid process of the mandible is (dt)___________ to the mandibular condyle. | anterior |
| From an inferior view, the foramen lacerum is located medial to the foramen _____________ | ovale |
| From an inferior view, the carotid canal is located ________________ to the foramen spinosum | posterior |
| What is the name of the vertebra that attaches to the skull? | Atlas (cervical 1) |
| We have (#)_________ thoracic vertebrae and _______lumbar vertebrae and _________ cervical vertebrae | 12; 5; 7 |
| The glenoid cavity (fossa) is a (dt)______________ structure on the scapula | lateral |
| The condyle lateral to the trochlea of the humerus is the _______________ | capitulum |
| What bone moves when you pronate the antebrachium? | radius |
| Our elbow is actually the _________ | olecranon |
| The head of the femur sits in the _______________ | acetabulum |
| What is the name of the lateral bone of the lower leg? | fibula |
| Describe the location of the extensor digitorium. | This muscle is located on the posterior side of the antebrachium |
| Describe the location of the biceps femoris | this muscle is located on the posterior side of the femur |
| During muscle contraction, the cross-bridges will extend from the __________ filaments and attach to the ________ filaments | myosin; actin |
| What bandof the sarcomere consists of overlapping myosin and actin? | "A" band |
| (68) The metencephalon consist of the ________ and _________ | cerebellum; pons |
| The diencephalon consist of the ________ and _______ | thalamus; hypothalamus (also the pituitary gland) |
| Which brain structure tells us that we are thirst from time to time? | Hypothalamus |
| What part of the brain gives us the "urge" to cough from time to time? | Medulla oblongata |
| Identify the meninges from the brain tissue to the skull | Pia mater, subarachnoid, dura mater |
| The cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the _______ and serves to help protect the brain and spinal cord. | choroid plexus |
| Which of the autonomic nerves is involved in pupil dilation? | Sympathetic |
| Which of the autonomic nerves decreases the heart rate? | Parasympathetic |
| The trochlear nerve is cranial nerve number ___ | IV (4) |
| The vagus nerve is cranial nerve number ___ | X (10) |
| The specialized cells associated with the retina of the eye are called _____ and _____ | rods; cones |
| The cells that make up the taste buds are called ______ cells | gustatory |
| The neurohypophysis releases _____ and _____ | oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone |
| What hormone comes from the adenohypophysis and targets the adrenal cortex? | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
| The thyroid gland releases..... | calcitonin or thyroxine or triiodothyronine |
| Adrenalin is produced by what gland? | Adrenal medulla |
| Erythropoietin will target the _____ and cause _____ | bone marrow; red blood cell formation |
| The thyroid stimulating hormone comes from the _____ and targets the _____ | adenohypophysis; thyroid gland |
| Identify the hormone that causeshe nephrons to lose sodium ions to the toilet? | Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
| If a patient had very little sodium ions in their blood, they would produce excess amounts of _____ to bring the sodium ion levels back to normal. | aldosterone |
| A lack of _____ will cause excess glucose in the urine | insulin |
| A lack of _____ could result in a decrease in blood calcium levels. | parathormone |
| What causes EPO? | A decrease in oxygen going to the kidney cells |
| EPO targets... | bone marrow |
| Erythrocytes have a lifespan of only 120 days. They do not live very long because they have neither a _______ nor any ___________ | nucleus; cell organelles |
| What is the main protein molecule found inside an erythrocyte? | Hemoglobin |
| What is the normal percent value for neutrophils in a non-sick patient? | 40%- 60% |
| What is the normal percent value for eosinophils in a non-sick patient? | 3% |
| What is the name for blood clotting factor IV? | Calcium ions (CA+) |
| What is the name for blood clotting factor VIII? | Antihemophiliac factor |
| People with blood type A have agglutinogen ____ on their erthrocytes and agglutinin _____ in their plasma. | A; b |
| People with blood type B have agglutinogen ____ on their erthrocytes and agglutinin ____ in their plasma. | B; a |
| Is the following packed cell donation safe? Donate AB to type B? | NO! |
| Is the following packed cell donation safe? Donate type B to typr AB? | YES! |
| Is the following packed cell donation safe? Type B to type AB? | NO! |
| Is the following plasma donation safe? Type AB to type B? | YES |
| People with blood type A- (neg) have what kind of agglutinogen and agglutinin? | A agglutinogens and b agglutinins |
| People wih blood type AB +(pos) have what kind of agglutinogens and agglutinin? | A agglutinogens, B agglutinogens and D agglutinogens and no agglutinins |
| In order for blood to enter into the right ventricle, the blood must pass through the ______ valve. | tricuspid |
| Blood in the pulmonary trunk came from which chamber of the heart? | Right ventricle |
| What does the p wave of an ECG recording represent? | The p wave represents atrial depolarization, which is the travel of the impulses from the SA node to the AV node |
| The largest bump on an ECG is represented by the letters _____ and is the recording of which heart activity? | QRS; represents the depolarization of the ventricles, which is a recording of the nerve activity within the Purkinje fibers. The nerves of the atria are also repolarizing at this time. |
| Blood in the right subclavian artery will enter into the ______ artery next. | axillary |
| Blood from the brachial artery will flow into the ______ artery next. | radial and ulnar |
| Blood in the popliteal vein will enter into the ______ vein next. | femoral |
| Blood in the right subclavian vein will enter the _____ vein next. | right brachiocephalic |
| The glycolipid associated with erythrocytes is called an _________ and glycolipid associated with disease causing organisms is called an ______ | agglutinogen; antigen |
| What type of lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies? | B cells |
| When we come into contact with a viral antigen, we develop immunity against that specific antigen. However, that same viral antigen may attack us again next year. We are immune to it because our _______ will respond immediately. | memory B cells |
| The reason we become sick with the flu a second time (and more) is because the second time was caused by a flu virus that had a different __________ | antigen |
| The carina is the point where the ______ | trachea branches to form the two primary bronchi |
| Which respiratory tubes do not consist of any cartilage? | bronchioles |
| If the _____ tonsil swells it would make breathing through the nose very difficult | pharyngeal |
| The ______ tonsils are located in the nasopharynx region | pharyngeal |
| In order to inhale, the diaphragm muscle must move in which direction? | downward (inferiorly) |
| When the diaphragm muscle is contracting, it is moving in which direction? | downward |
| If you increase the air pressure inside your thoracic cavity, air will go out the ______ | lungs |
| If the outside air pressure is 780 mm Hg, air will enter the lungs if we ________ the size of our thoracic cavity to change the air pressure to a value ____________ | increase; less than 780 mm Hg |
| What percentage of the carbon dioxide we produce will eventually form hydrogen ions in the red blood cell? | 70% |
| What percentage of the carbon dioxide generated is normally exhaled? | 23% |
| If a person is already in the process of hyperventilating, their blood pH will _______ | go up |
| Carbon dioxide binds with water and thus produces _______, which ionizes and forms _____ and _______ | carbonic acid; hydrogen ions; bicarbonate ions |
| Nutrients will pass from the small intestines into the bloodstream by being absorbed through the _______ | villi |
| The pancreas produces hormones and _______ | digestive enzymes |
| Identify the digestive enzymes that come from the pancreas and digests protein. | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase |
| Identify the digestive enzyme that comes from the pancreas and digests fat. | lipase |
| The heart has its own special covering, loose fitting inextensible sac called the .... | pericardium |
| The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the... | myocardium |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the .... | endothelium |
| Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called... | valves |
| The free edges of the atrioventricular valves are anchored to the... | papillary muscles |
| The four structure that compose the conduction system of the heart are the... | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers |
| Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins are... | capillaries |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the... | tunica adventitia |
| These sphincters function as regulatory valves that reduce the flow of blood through a network of capillaries when they contract and constrict the arterioles... | precapillary sphincters |
| Blood flow from the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body and back to the heart is referred to as... | systemic circulation |
| The ______ and _____ are supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery. | head; upper extremeties |
| A few arteries open into other branches of the same or other arteries. This is called... | arterial anastomas |
| The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the... | pelvis |
| Renal veins drin blood from the... | kidney |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava |
| Chemical digestion requires the secretion of _____ and ______ into the lumen of the GI tract. | digestive enzymes; bile |
| The process of deglutition includes.. | -the oral stage, -pharyngeal stage, -esophageal stage |
| The wave like ripple of the muscle layer of the GI tract is called... | peristalsis |
| Fats and other nutrients in the duodenum stimulate the intestinal mucosa to release a hormone called... | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| The chemical process in which a compound unites with water and then splits into simpler compounds is called... | hydrolysis |
| Because fats are insoluble in water, they must be... | emulsified |
| Saliva contains the enzyme... | amylase |
| Stimulation of gastric juice secretion occurs in all of the following phases except.. | digestive phase |
| The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by which hormones? | CCK and secretin |
| The final step in lipid transport by the intestines is the formation of... | chylomicrons |
| The act of expelling feces is called... | defacation |
| ______ is a general term referring to the inflammation of the liver. | hepatitis |
| The endocrine system does what? | -releases chemicals into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body, -releases hormones that alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs, -produces effects that can last for hours, days, or even longer, -can alter gene ac |
| Hormones that are amino acid derivative- | epinephrine, -melatonin, -thyroxine (T4), -norephinephrine |
| When adenyl cyclase is activated _____ is formed. | cAMP |
| What hormones act by a second messenger system? | glucagen, -epinephrine, -growth hormone, -ACTH |
| This hypophyseal structure receives signals from the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal vein: | adenohypophysis |
| Low blood glucose level typically results in the secretion of.. | glucagon, -thyroxine (T4), -hGH |
| The action of glucocorticoids involves many functions. One of which is that it... | increases glucose levels |
| This hormone acts on the intestines and causes increased calcium absorption: | calcitrol |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) causes | -activation of thyroid follicular cells, -increased iodide trapping in thyroid follicles, -increased thyroglobulin synthesis, -increased release of T3/T4 |
| The pancreatic cells that secrete insulin are the... | beta cells |
| The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is activated by the... | hypothalamus |
| If you were to eat four glaze doughnuts and a large pepsi, which hormone would you expect to be secreted at higher levels? | insulin |
| Somatostatin is secreted by the: | pancreatic delta cells |
| Hyposecretion of cortisol can cause: | Addison's disease |
| A tumor in the adrenal zona glomerulosa can cause hypersecretion of hormones produced in that region. What might you expect to find in a patient with such a tumor? | increased blood sodium levels |
| Oxytocin is secreted by the.. | neurophypophysis |
| A lack of or decrease in insulin hormone receptors on cells can result in.. | type II diabetes mellitus |
| Vasopressin is the same hormone as | ADH |
| The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) resets the levels of... | controlled conditions in the body in response to stress |
| What occurs in a muscle during contraction? | thick and thin filaments bind to each other, -thick and thin filaments "slide" past each other, -muscle fibers shorten |
| This process aids in skeletal muscle relaxation after contraction. | acetylcholinesterease degrades acetylcholine |
| The stiffness of muscle tissue in rigor mortis partially results from.. | excessive calcium release in muscle |
| A single motor neuron may innervate as few as 3-5 fibers muscles of the.. | eye |
| When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of the motor neuron | acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft |
| Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in... | excessive, continuous stimulation of the muscle fiber |
| Curare, a toxin, blocks the acetylcholine receptors on muscle tissue. This would result in | inability of the muscle to respond to motor nerve stimulus |
| Training exercises such as jogging, swimming and aerobics have this effect on skeletal muscle tissue: | increased number of mitochondria per muscle fiber |
| Skeletal muscle is described as.. | striated, -voluntary, -multinucleate |
| The walls of hollow organs and some blood vessels contain this muscle tissue | smooth |
| What is unique to cardiac muscle tissue | has intercalated discs |
| Approximately what percentage of body heat is generated by muscle tissue | 85% |
| A muscle fascicle is a | bundle of muscle fibers |
| The smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle is a | sarcomere |
| The major regulatory proteins in muscle tissue are | troponin and tropomyosin |
| What action is caused by skeletal muscle | eye movement |
| Muscular dystrophy is a congenital disorder characterized by | skeletal muscle degeneration |
| What muscular disorder is characterized by painful musculoskeletal "tender points" | Fibromyalgia |
| Anabolic steroids have these effects.. | builds muscle proteins, -increases muscle strength, -can result in liver cancer and heart disease |
| What is true about aging and the muscular system? | aging is associated with decreased myoglobin production |
| The dense connective tissue covering outer surface of bone diaphyses is termed | periosteum |
| What is considered a sesamoid bone? | patella |
| These two components in bone are responsible for the hardness and pliability of bone. | mineralized salts and collagen |
| A fracture in the shaft of a long bone would be a break in the.. | diaphysis |
| Yellow marrow consist of | adipose |
| Chondroblasts produce | cartilage matrix |
| These structures are at the center of compact bone lamellae and carry blood vessels along the bone length | Haversian canals |
| The cell that is responsible for maintaining bone matrix once it has formed is.. | osteocytes |
| Soft connective tissue membranes between the cranial bones at birth are... | fontanelles |
| Endochondral and intramembranous are two mechanisms of | embryonic skeletal ossification |
| What are some cranial sutures | lambdoidal, -coronal, -sagittal, -squamous |
| The two pair of bones that make up the hard palate are the right and left.. | palatine and maxillae |
| The two bones that make up the posterior nasal septum are the... | vomer and ethmoid |
| Articulations refers to | joints |
| What bones are part of the cranium | sphenoid, -ethmoid, -occipital |
| What bones are part of the axial skeleton | sternum, -mandible, -sacrum |
| The Hunchback of Notre Dame probably suffered from | kyphosis |
| Incomplete closure of the vertebral column results in | spina bifida |
| The thickened cartilage "cushions" found in the knee and vertebral joints that absorb compression are.. | the menisci |
| A ligament running along the side of the knee joint is a... | collateral |
| The Haversian (central) canal in each osteon contains | blood vessels |
| This hormone stimulates the breakdown of bone and the increase in blood calcium levels | parathyroid hormone |
| The most common type of exocrine gland is the | merocrine |
| Epithelial that consist of more than one layer of cells is termed | stratified |
| The matrix of connective tissue is composed of | fibers and ground substance |
| Small hair like structures on the surface of some epithelial cells are termed | cilia |
| Cells that are located in bone tissue | chondroblasts |
| What tissue heals the quickest after injury? | epithelium |
| The small holes in which some connective tissue cells reside are termed | lacunae |
| Describe skeletal muscle tissue fibers | striated, -voluntary, -multinucleate |
| What suffix implies "growth" or "formation" | -blast |
| A tissue viewed under the microscope displays cells in little holes, densely packed fibers and no blood vessels. This describes | fibrocartilage |
| What characteristic can describe epithelial tissue | it forms the glands of the body |
| The serous membrane lining the surface of the lung is the | visceral pleura |
| The principal organ of the urinary system is the | kidney |
| The branch of the abdominal aorta that brings blood into each kidney is the | renal artery |
| The ureter of each kidney conducts urine inferiorly from the kidney to the | bladder |
| The mechanism for voiding urine begins with the voluntary relaxation of the | external sphincter muscle of the bladder |
| The capillary network that is fitted neatly into Bowman's capsule is the | glomerulus |
| The ____ structure is important in maintaining blood flow because it secretes rennin when blood pressure to the afferent arteriole drops | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| Urine is formed by the nephron by means of what processes? | filtration, reabsorption, and secretion |
| Effective filtration pressure (EFP) is determined by comparing the forces that push fluid into the capillary with those that push fluid | out of the capillary |
| Reabsorption takes place by means of | active and passive transport mechanism |
| The loop of Henle reabsorbs | water, sodium, chloride |
| ____ has a central role in the regulation of urine volume | ADH |
| Urine is approximately 95% | water |
| Crystallized mineral chunks that develop in the renal pelvis or calyces are called... | kidney stones |
| The term that describes an inflammation of the bladder is | cystitis |
| General tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of fluids in the tissue spaces is called | edema |
| What is the course that urine takes through the kidney? | Fluid enters the Bowman's capsule and is conducted through the proximal convoluted tubule, to the loop of Henle and then through the distal convoluted tubule. |
| Bones are connected to joints by | ligaments |
| What is an example of hinge joint? | femur to fibula |
| The periosteum lines the | marrow cavity |
| The lateral corticospal tracts that convey impulses from the brain to the spinal nerves are examples of | spinothalamic tracts |
| Function of mitochondria | formation of chromatin into chromosomes |
| Hormones are transported in the _____, bound to ______ | blood, plasma protein |
| The junction between two neurons is called | synapse |
| Waste products take which path through the large intestine? | Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid |
| What thigh muscles flexes the leg at the knee joint? | biceps femoris, semimembranosus, sartorius |
| A mitral valve defect results in | accumulation of blood in the left atrium |
| The system that protects the body from infection, abrasion, and water loss is known as the | integumentary |
| The part of the blood vessel wall that is in contact with the blood itself is the | tunica intima |
| When the calcium level in the blood rises above normal the ________glands slow their production of hormones | parathyroid |
| An action potential is a _____ impulse | neural |
| The outer layer of the cerebrum is the | cerebral cortex |
| What is true of flagella? | -consist of a hallow tube made up of microtubules, -move the cell itself or the adjacent fluid, -manufactured withing the lysosomes |
| The three main types of epithelial cells are | cuboidal, columnar, squamous |
| Blood returning from the pulmonary circulation frist enters the | left atrium |
| In stratum spinosum, basal cells differentiate and begin to produce | keratin |
| One of the main functions of lymph nodes is to produce | lymphocytes |
| What are some parts of the reticuloendothelial system? | Kupffer cells, -monocytes, -spleen macrophages |
| The muscle that produces a smile is the | zygomatic |
| What are some synovial joints? | condyloid, -ball and socket, -gliding |
| Small molecules that combine with carrier protein to become antigens are | haptens |
| Once air passes through the posterior internal nares in next goes through the | nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| What structure keeps the trachea from collapsing? | cartilaginous rings |
| What structure in the lungs actually participate in gas exchange? | respiratory bronchioles |
| Calcium acts upon the filaments by uncovering the | active sites |
| Resting potential develops in part because of a slight excess of | positive ions outside the cell membrane |
| What are some connective tissues? | blood, adipose, cartilage |
| What is responsible for transmitting vibrations within the cochlea? | endolymph |
| The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the | infundibulum |
| The risk of death from burns is roughly proportional to the percentage of _____ _____ that has been damaged | body surface |
| The transmitter substance released by motor neurons at myoneural junctions is | acetylcholine |
| What bones are found in the cranium? | frontal, parietal, sphenoid |
| After passing through the duodenum, food would next enter the | jejunum |
| Among foods rich in carbohydrates are | rice and potatoes |
| Water leaves the nephron by | osmosis |
| Angiotensis II acts as a | vasoconstrictor and raises blood pressure |
| Identify an enzyme that is produced by the small intestine and digest protein | Peptidase |
| An enzyme that comes from the stomach and digest material to form amino acids | Pepsin |
| An enzyme that comes from the pancreas and digests material to form fatty acids | Lipase |
| Hormone that will cause the production of bile | secretin |
| Hormone that causes the gallbladder to release bile. | cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| The hormone that is responsible for helping the small intestine maintain and optimum pH value | secretin |
| The hormone that causes the pancreas to release buffers | secretin |
| The hormone that causes the production of stomach acids | gastrin |
| Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the _______ and the Krebs reactions are a series of chemical reactions that occur in the _________ | cytosol of the cell; mitochondria |
| The conversion of glucose ultimately to pyruvic acid is known as | glycolysis |
| Basically. all the food we eat will become nutrients and will go to what cell organelle? | Mitochondria |
| What are essential amino acids? | amino acids that we have to obtain from a good diet. The body cannot make these amino acids |
| What are nonessential amono acids? | are the amino acids that the body can produce. It is not essential to get these from the diet |
| Some of the excess cholesterol that our body encounters will be transported to the liver by _____. In the liver, this cholesterol will be incorporated into _____. | high density lipoprotein (HDL); bile |
| Why is "good cholesterol" called good? | "Good cholesterol" is only good because it is the cholesterol that is ultimately transported out of the body |
| The ______ exit the kidneys and the ______ exits the urinary bladder. | ureters; urethra |
| Which kidney sits higher in the body than the other kidney? | the left is higher than the right |
| What is the major structures that pass through the renal pyramids? | collecting tubules |
| Water and/or waste that are in the collecting tubules will enter the ______ next. | minor calyx (minor calyces) |
| When we say that the kidneys are putting water back into the blood, they actually are putting water back into the | vasa recta |
| Waste products will enter into the nephron after being "forced" out of the ____ | glomerular capillaries |
| The action of ADH will put approximately _______% of the water back into the bloodstream? | 99% |
| The main functioning unit of the kidneys is the _______ | nephron |
| The sperm cells are produced in special tubes inside the testes called | seminiferous tubules |
| The tube that transports the sperm from the testes to the penile urethra is called | ductus deferens |
| What hormone causes the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones beyond the normal 10 day time period? | Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
| A decrease in what hormone will initiate menstruation? | progesterone |
| A ruptured follicle is called a | corpus luteum |
| What hormone does the ruptured follicle produce? | progesterone and estrogen |
| A decrease in what hormone will initiate menopause? | follicle stimulating hormone |
| The presence of what hormone indicates pregnancy | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hcg) |
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