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A&P Reproductive Sys
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 main fluid compartments within the body? | Intracellular Fluid Compartment, Extracellular Fluid Compartment |
| Which fluid compartment has the greater volume? | Intracellular |
| Extracellular Fluid can be divided into 2 subcompartments...what are they? | Plasma and interstitial fluid |
| What is the main CATION in extracellular fluids? (Plasma and Interstitial Fluid) | Sodium (Na+) |
| What is the main ANION in Extracellular fluids? | Chloride (Cl-) |
| What is the most abundant CATION in Intracellular fluid? | Potassium (K+) |
| What is the most abundant ANION in intracellular fluid? | Bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
| What is water called that is vaporized out of the lungs OR diffused directly through the skin? | Insensible water loss |
| ADH stands for... | Antidiuretic Hormone |
| The thirst mechanism is the driving force for what action? | Water intake |
| The thirst mechanism is governed by what organ? | Hypothalamus |
| What do osmoreceptors do? | Detect ECF osmolality (Increase in osmotic content) |
| Dry mouth is caused by what? | Increase in osmotic pressure, osmotic gradient does not draw water from the blood to the salivary ducts (reduces it) |
| What signals are sent to trigger the feeling of thirst being quenched? | Signals that detect moistening of the oral and upper GI mucosa, stretch receptors in the stomach and small intestines |
| What is prevented by thirst being quenched almost immediately after taking in fluid? | Overhydration |
| Aldosterone plays a major role in regulating ____. | Blood Pressure |
| If Aldosterone concentrations are high, almost all of the NA+ is ______ in the DCT and Collecting Ducts. | Reabsorbed |
| An increase in K+ can result in a release of aldosterone which in turn causes the reabsorption of _____ and an increase secretion of _____. | Na+, K+ |
| Aldosterone decreases ____ _____ and increases ____ _____. | Urinary output, Blood volume |
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)causes the body to release ____ and _____ by blocking nearly all events that promote their retention. This lowers blood volume and blood pressure. | Na+, Water |
| Estrogens are chemically similar to _____ and enhance _____ retention. Water follows and causes fluid retention. | Aldosterone, NaCl |
| Progesterone ______ Na+ reabsorption and has a _____ effect. | Decreases, diuretic |
| Intracellular Fluid is typically at a pH of ___. | 7 |
| Plasma pH varies but is typically _____. | Alkaline |
| What three mechanisms regulate H+ balance? | Chemical buffer systems, Respiratory Mechanisms, Renal Mechanisms |
| Of the three H+ regulating mechanisms, which is the first line of defense and acts within a fraction of a second to resist pH changes? | The Chemical Buffer System |
| What are the three major chemical buffer systems in the body? | bicarbonate, phosphate, protein |
| How much semen is released in 1 ejaculatory event? | About 2-5ml |
| How many sperm are in the semen of one ejaculatory event? | Between 100 and 500 million |
| What organ governs the reproductive systems? | Hypothalamus |
| GnRH | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | Hypertrophy of the prostate |
| Prostate cancer | 2nd most common cause of cancer death, twice as common in blacks than whites |
| Prostaglandins | Decrease the viscosity of the mucus guarding entry into the cervix, Stimulate reverse peristalsis to facilitate sperm movement through the female reproductive tract |
| Is semen acidic or alkaline? | Alkaline (7.2-8.0) |
| The release of what Ion is triggered by the parasympathetic reflex to initiate an erection? | NO |
| NO has what effect on the arterioles of the penis? | It relaxes the smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls which dilates the arterioles and allows the erectile bodies to fill with blood. |
| Is ejaculation under parasympathetic or sympathetic control? | Sympathetic |
| What 3 things occur during ejaculation? | The bladder sphincter muscle contracts (no urine/prevents reflux of semen, Reproductive ducts contract emptying their contents into the urethra/muscles contract and propel semen from the urethra |
| During the latent (refractory) period, a male is unable to do what? | Achieve another orgasm |
| Spermatogenesis takes approximately how many days? | 64-72 |
| Can sperm in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules swim or fertilize an egg? | No |
| Where do sperm gain motility and fertilizing power? | In the epididymis |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) stimulates the production of what other hormone in males? | Testosterone (from the interstitial cells) |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) plays a role in what process in males? | Spermatogenesis |
| Glandular alveoli in the female breast produce what substance? | milk |
| Lactiferous ducts allow ____. | Milk to exit the breast through the nipple |
| What is the area called in which milk accumulates during nursing? | Lactiferous Sinus |
| How many oocytes do females have at their height? | 7 Million |
| How many oocytes remain at puberty? | 300,000 |
| After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes what hormone? | Progesterone and some estrogen |
| Estrogens block the release of what hormone prior to puberty? | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| Leptin signals that there is adequate ____ for a female to enter puberty. | Adipose tissue |
| Menarche | The first menstrual period in females. |
| High levels of estrogen in the blood will create a negative feedback and inhibits the release of ______. | Gonadotropin from the hypothalamus |
| Luteinizing Hormone triggers what process in follicle maturation? | Ovulation as well as the formation of the corpus luteum |
| Day 1-5 of Menstruation | Endometrium detaches, bleeding occurs for 3-5 days |
| Days 6-14 of Menstruation | Endometrium rebuilding, estrogen levels begin to rise |
| Days 15-28 of Menstruation | Progesterone levels rise, Cervical mucus gets thick/forms cervical plug, if no fertilization the corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone levels fall leading to endometrium sloughing off |
Created by:
wiveys
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