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Bio test three
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| the oral cavity | first stage of mechanical and chemical breakdown includes tongue, salivary glands, teeth |
| teeth | used for mechanical breakdown, type of teeth are based on what the organism eats |
| salivary glands | chemical break down, produces saliva |
| tongue | skeletal muscle; evaluates food, shapes food into bolus, moves bolus to back of oral cavity |
| bolus | ball of food made my tongue |
| pharynx | passage from oral cavity to nasal cavity |
| deglutition | (swallowing) 1. forms bolus = voluntary 2. soft pallet and uvula raise = involuntary 3. epiglottis covers the glottis and trachea to prevent food from going to lungs |
| esophagus | skeletal and smooth muscle |
| peristalsis | relaxing and contracting of the esophagus |
| cardiac sphincter | ring of muscle the prevents back flow; between the esophagus and the stomach |
| stomach | stores food; mechanical and chemical break down (mainly protein) |
| muscular esterna | 3 muscle layers of the stomach; facilitate mechanical break down and storage |
| lumen | inside of the stomach |
| gastric juice | a mixture of all substances produced by stomach cells |
| mucus cells | in stomach; produce mucus; protect the stomach lining |
| parietal cells | in stomach; produce Hydrogen ions and Chloride ions; protects against bacteria, converts pepsinogin to pepsin |
| chief cells | in stomach; where pepsinogin is made |
| pepsin | breaks down protein; made when pepsinogin and HCl react |
| Small intestine | most important in digestive system; absorbs small subunits; chemical digestion |
| duodenum | first part from the stomach; where digestive enzymes and digestion begin; bolus becomes chyme |
| jejunum | where most absorption occurs in SI |
| ileum | lowest part of SI and where most absorption occurs |
| Liver | produces bile that is sent to the gallbladder |
| Gallbladder | concentration and storage of bile |
| pancreas | secretes pancreatic juice |
| bile | emulsified fat; mechanical breakdown |
| bicarbonate | neutralizes chyme |
| villi | projections on the folds of the SI to increase surface area |
| microvilli | on the epithelia cells on the villi to increase surface area |
| absorption into the blood stream | carbs and proteins can be absorbed into the blood stream; fats can not |
| Cecum | dead end of the Large intestines |
| large intestines | material compacted into feces; reabsorbs water; produces vitamins |
| rectum | where feces are stored |
| Anus | where feces exit |
| Appendix | part of LI; contain white blood cells for immune system |
| absorption of fats | triglycerides breakdown into fatty acid and a glycerol; both parts enter the epithelial of the SI and reassemble; trigylcleride is covered in proteins to become a chlymicron |
| Viruses | composed of nucleic acid; protein coat; and a membrane envelope |
| host range | certain viruses can only live in certain hosts |
| tissue tropism | certain viruses can live only in certain tissues |
| glycoprotein | this changes causing different variations of viruses |
| apical meristem | where cells divide; increases length; at the end |
| leaf primordia | provides protection; capable of producing leaves and flowers |
| axillary buds | contains the apical meristem; capable of division; produces other stems |
| monocot stem | contains epidermis; cortex; has vascular bundles scattered throughout the cortex |
| epidermis | protective layer covered with cuticle |
| cortex | contains parenchyma cells |
| vascular bundles | contains the xylem and phloem |
| dicot stem | contains epidermis, cortex, pith, and vascular bundles arranged in a circle around the pith |
| pith | ground tissue of the stem |
| upper epidermis | layer of leaves that faces the sun |
| lower epidermis | layer of leaves that is the bottom of the leaf |
| stomata | an opening allowing gases to enter and exit the leaf |
| guard cell | regulates the gas exchange through the stomata |
| spongy mesophyll | ground tissue where gas exchange takes place |
| palisade mesophyll | ground tissue that contains chloroplasts |
| vein | part of leaf where xylem and phloem are located |
| lytic cycle | culminates in death of the host cell cell (virulent phages) |
| lysogenic cycle | allows replication without destroying the cell (temperate phages) |
| prophage | viral dna and bacteria chromosome together |
| viroids | plant pathogen of circular ran and long nucleotides |
| prion | infectious proteins that increase in number by converting protein into its self |
| angiosperm | seed plant that have reproductive structures (monocots and dicots) |
| roots | anchors plants to soil, absorbs material and stores carbs; absorption occurs nears tips |
| taproot | one main root which gives rise to lateral roots (can go deeper) |
| fibrous root system | many small roots |
| root hairs | increase surface area; epidermal root cells; near root tip (dermis system) |
| node | the point where leaves are attached to stem |
| internode | stem segments between nodes |
| axillary buds | can form lateral buds; at an upward angle |
| apical bud | near the shoot tip; composed of developing leaves and nodes |
| blade | flattened part of the leaf |
| petiole | joins the leaf to the stem at the node |
| vain | vascular tissue |
| dermal tissue | outer protective covering of shoot system |
| vascular tissue | long distance transport between the root and the shoot |
| epidermis | layer of tightly packed cells |
| cuticle | waxy coating on the epidermal surface; prevents water loss |
| perriderm | replaces the dermis in woody plants |
| trichomes | hair like projections of shoot epidermis |
| xylem | conducts water and dissolved material up from root to shoot |
| phleom | transports sugars and carbs from where they are made to where they are needed |
| tracheid | type of xylem; long tubular cells that move water from pits |
| vessels | type of xylem; have pits that allow water to flow freely |
| sieve tube | type of phloem; conducts sugars and organic materials |
| sieve plate | type of phloem; and end in sieve tube that facilitates flow of "sap" |
| ground tissue system | specialised for storage, photosynthesis, support. (everything that not dermis and vascular) |
| pith | ground tissue that is internal to vascular tissue |
| cortex | ground tissue external to vascular tissue |
| parenchyma | ground tissue that aids in synthesis and storage (monocot) |
| collenchyma | ground tissue that provides flexible support |
| sclerenchyma | ground tissue that provided rigid support (skeleton) |
| meristem | embryonic tissue that is undifferentiated |
| apical meristem | tissue in roots and tips for primary growth |
| lateral meristem | allows for secondary growth (cambium) |
| primary growth | plant growth in length |
| root cap | protects the apical meristem; secretes slime to lube soil |
| endodermis | inner most layer of the cortex |
| pericycle | outer most layer of the vascular cylinder |
| leaf primordia | provides protection; capable of producing leafs and flowers |
| axillary buds | contain apical meristem; produce other stems |
| vascular bundles | sacs that contain xylem and phloem |
| coelom | a body cavity lined with tissue only from the mesoderm |
Created by:
lockward.kelly
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