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CRCT Science Review
Geology Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are metamorphic rocks? | Rock that is created by changing other rocks by heat and pressure inside of Earth. |
| What is a cleavage and fracture? Examples? | Cleavage is breaking along smooth flat surfaces and fracture is breaking along rough or jagged edges. Mica and Halite breaks with cleavage. Quartz breaks with fracture. |
| What are hot spots? Examples? | Magma rising through the crust of the Earth in the same area for a very long time. The Hawaiian Islands are an example of hot spots. |
| What are renewable resources? Examples? | Resources that can be used over and over again and will not run out. Solar power, hydroelectricity,geothermal energy,biomass,and wind are examples of renewable resources. |
| What are the three types of coal? | Anthracite,Bituminous,and Lignite |
| How are sedimentary rocks formed? | They go through weathering (breaking of rocks), erosion (carrying of sediments), deposition (dropping of sediments), compaction (sediments being pushed together), and cementation (sediments are "glued" together) to form layers. |
| What does faulting mean? | The breaking and cracking of Earth's crust. |
| What are the 3 types of plate boundaries? | Transform, divergent, and convergent boundaries |
| Explain the movement of each plate boundaries? | Transform Boundaries: slide past each other, Convergent Boundaries: moving toward each other, Divergent Boundaries: moves away from each other |
| What is the difference between mountains, plateaus, and plains? | Mountains have high elevation and steep slopes, Plateaus have medium elevations and steep to gentle slopes, and Plains have low elevation and gentle slopes. |
| What are the four types of mountains? | Upwarped mountains,folded mountains,fault block mountains,and volcanic mountains |
| What are the types of weathering? | Mechanical and Chemical |
| What are igneous rocks? | Magma that has cooled to form rocks. |
| What are the metamorphic rock sub-types? Examples? | Foliated (rocks that forms in layers) and nonfoliated (rocks that don't form in layers)An example of foliated rocks is gneiss and an example of nonfoliated rocks is marble. |
| What are the sub-types of sedimentary rocks? Examples? | Organic (made from the remains of living creatures), clastic (formed from weathered rocks), and chemical (formed by chemical reaction to precipitation). Examples: organic- coal, clastic-conglomerate, chemical-limestone |
| What are the igneous rock sub-types? Examples? | Intrusive (cools inside of Earth's crust)and extrusive (cools outside of Earth's crust) Examples: intrusive-granite, extrusive-basalt |
| What is the rock cycle? | The process of rocks changing one to another. |
| What are the three types of volcanoes? | Shield (gently sloping side-layers of lava build up to form it), cinder cone (steep sided-made up of tephra,loosely packed materials), and composite (looks like a regular mountain with layers of tephra and lava building up) |
| What are the three types of earthquake waves? | Primary waves(the fastest waves), Secondary waves, and surface waves |
| What is used to measure the strength of an earthquake? | The Richter Scale |
| A ________ is an instrument that picks ups seismic waves. A ________ is a scientist that studies earthquakes. | Seismograph;seismologist |
| What must a substance be in order to be considered a mineral? | It must be a naturally occurring, solid,inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. |
| What are properties used to identify a mineral? | Color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, and density |
| What are Earth's layers from the center to the surface? | Inner core, Outer core, Mantle (the mesosphere, asthenosphere, and lithosphere are located here, Crust (oceanic and continental) |
| What is the composition of Earth's core? | Mostly cobalt, iron, and nickel |
| What is the most abundant element, compound, and metal in Earth's crust? | Element:Silicon, Compound:Silicon Dioxide, Metal:Aluminum |
| What is an ore? Examples? | A rock that contains enough useful minerals for it to be sold for a profit. Examples:Aluminum and titanium |
| What is continental drift? | The scientific process used by scientists to explain how one large landmass millions of years ago (Pangaea) became the seven continents we have today. |
| What are nonrenewable resources? Examples? | Resources that are used up faster than they are replaced. Fossil fuels (Petroleum, natural gas, and coal) are nonrenewable. |
| What does a topographic map show? | It shows the changes in elevation. |
| What are the soil horizons from top to bottom? | O horizon, A horizon, E horizon, B horizon, C horizon, R horizon |
| What is the difference between stalactites and stalagmites? | Stalactites are cones that hang from the top of a cave and stalagmites are cones that build up from the bottom of the cave. |
| What is the study of the past called? | Paleontology |
| What is uniformitarianism? | The belief that the geological processes of the past are happening just like they are today (erosion)forming the features of the Earth's surface. |
| What is catastrophism? | The idea that geological change occurs suddenly. |
| ________ states that younger layers rocks lie above older rocks layers. | Superposition |
| If rocks layers have been folded, tilted, or changed drastically, this is said to be an ________. | unconformity |
| What are rock layers called? | Strata |
| What are the two types of Earth's crust? | Oceanic and continental |
| Where does sea floor spreading occur? | At mid-ocean ridges |
| ______ _______ is the theory the crustal plates of Earth have moved and are still moving today. | Plate Tectonics |
| How is the geological time scale divided? | Eons-the longest time category, Eras-the second longest time category, Periods-the third largest time category, and Epochs-the fourth largest time category |
| What is the difference between an anticline formation and a syncline formation? | In an anticline formation, the rock layers have been folded upwards and make an A-shaped structure. In a syncline formation, the rock layers are folded downward making a U-shaped structure. |
| How can glaciers be classified? | Alpine (found in mountains) or continental (ice covering large areas of land) |
| What are the agents of chemical weathering? | Water, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, and acid in living organisms |
| What are the agents of mechanical weathering? | Moving water, wind, and glaciers |
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