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Bio 111: Endocrine

QuestionAnswer
How are signals relayed throughout the body? By receptors which are proteins that bind to a ligand (hormones, drugs)
What do hormones regulate? Feelings, growth, body fluids, reproduction etc.
An example of a ligand causing 2 different responses? Adrenaline can cause vasodilation and vasoconstriction. It depends on the lock that is on the inside.
Autocrine, Paracrine and Endocrine Hormones? Autocrine- act on same cell Paracrine- on nearby cell Endocrine- Travel by blood stream to distant cells
Lipid soluble hormones? Bind to a receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus. Doesn't use lock and key since it is inside the cell.
Steroids? They are derived from cholesterol.
Why is cholesterol important? It gives females female sex characteristics and males male sex characteristics.
What is the difference between a neurotransmitter and hormone? Neurotransmitters are from one cell to another and hormones are broad. Nitric Oxide is a hormone and a neurotransmitter.
Water soluble hormones? Bind to receptor on the surface of a cell. They use the lock and key method.
What are 2nd messenger response? How hormones function. It amplifies the signal of once hormone molecule so it as the response of 100's. Ensures you only need one hormone o get a response.
How insulin regulates glucose? 1. when blood sugar rises, insulin rises 1. when blood sugar drops, insulin drops but glucagon rises This makes sure sugar levels don't fall because if theres no sugar then theres no ATP, or kidneys, brain and heart can't function.
What is the hyphophyseal portal system/ Takes blood from the hypothalamus and gives I to the pituitary.
What are we really doing with hormones? We are releasing a hormone from the hypothalamus which tells cells in the anterior pituitary to release another hormone.
What does a tumor of the pituitary gland do? Makes you produce too much growth hormone and you grow too much.
Why is the thyroid gland important? It is important in growth, development and metabolism.
What is the parathyroid gland? Masses of tissue attached to thyroid gland. They secrete PTH which raises Ca and works against calcitonin.
Thyroid gland releases CT Calcitonin inhibits osteoblast, decreases Ca and stimulates PTH, PTH increases Ca and slows the loss of Ca so Ca increases. PTH makes kidneys release calcitriol, Calcitriol stimulates absorption of Ca from food.
Adrenal Gland? Superior part of kidney. Releases epinephrine norepinephrine, coristole and adrenaline.
What is cushing syndrome? Too much cortisol levels.
Addisons disease? Aldosterone and glucocorticoids are low from an autoimmune disorder and causes a loss in Na, decreased BP, dehydration and hypoglycemia
Testes in males? Oval glands that secrete testosterone and androgen. They produce sper
What is the pineal gland? Small endocrine gland that is part of the epithalamus. It secreates melatonin (biological clock). It is known as the third eye.
What is happening to the pineal gland with jet lag? The pineal gland hasn't adjusted to the time zone.
GAS Alarm stage Tingling feeling, RAA is activated to increase MAP and releases glucose and O2 for muscles and brain
GAS resistance Stage Used for long duration of stress. Cortisol and thyroid hormone maintain metabolic needs.
GAS exhaustion stage Body runs out of O2 and glucose. Prolonged cortisol exposure wastes muscle and gives ulcerations to GI.
Created by: Lillejoa
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