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Bio 111: Fluid balan

QuestionAnswer
What do we want to get rid of or modify? HCO3 and CO2. CO2 by gas exchange and HCO3 by urea.
What does our body dump? Toxins and poisons. We keep sugars, salts and H2O.
What organs/srucures eliminate stuff? Lungs eliminate CO2, Kidneys eliminate H+ and NH4 but conserve bicarbonate.
What does hypoventilation do to pH? Hyperventilation? Hypoventilation decreases the pH because we are holding onto H+ and hyperventilating increases the pH because were are getting rid of more CO2 than our body can produce.
How does urine travel? By peristalsis and gravity. There is no valve between the ureters and bladder so this can lead to kidney infection because the UTI can travel to kidneys.
What controls when we need to urinate? Internal sphincter which is involuntary and an external sphincter which is voluntary after one year of age.
Spinal cord injury and urination? Only the internal sphincter will work and your bladder can become spastic and hold onto urine. Eventually your bladder will release the urine on its own/you can't control it.
How does the body control arterial BP? Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors can sense it and sent info to cardiac output and release renin to start the RAA pathway.
If filtrate is too low, what happens? Renin will e secreted so the RAA pathway starts.
Steps to activate renin are? 1. Decreased MAP 2. Decreased Na levels 3.Sympathetic nervous system activity- beta 1 adrenergic receptors tell area to hold onto H2O
What does angiotensin 2 do? It is a vasoconstrictor. It ensures GFR so you can absorb H2O and salt. It can increase GFR by constricting the Efferent arteriole.
What does aldosterone do? Increases salt uptake and H2O absorbtion.
How can the RAA system help with hypertension? You can block the RAA path by either blocking how angiotensin 2 is produced or increasing its deterioration. If angiotensin 2 decreases then fluid retention decreases and MAP decreases.
What does Vasopressin do? Released when H2O is less. It increases water reuptake in distal tubule and collecting duct. It increases permeability of collecting duct to urea and drags H2O out.
How does Vasopressin (ADH) relate to a hangover or coffee? Vasopressin is blocked by alcohol or coffee. If its blocked and you drink lots of H2O you will urinate it out. ADH should be produced to increase H2O but alcohol and coffee block it.
What does atrial naturetic peptide do? respons to increased BP and it dilates afferent and contricts efferent. It inhibits the renin and aldosterone and reduces Na.
Effects of altered osmolarity? cells at rest are impermeable to solutes except at the collecting duct because it has aquaporins which makes H2O move faster.
What is Hypervolemic? You retain H2O which dilutes Na. Heart failure, kidney failure, liver failure, increased ADH and SIADH can cause this.
What is Euvolemic? H2O is normal but Na drops. Chronic illness can cause this ex. Addisons disease (low aldosterone)
What is Hypovolemic/ H2O and Na are low. Can be caused by increased temp., excessive exercise, blood loss, diarrhea
Why would heart failure cause hypervolemia? Your cardiac output drops so blood pressure drops and the juxtaglomerular apparatus releases renin which makes you retain H2O
Chronic Hyponatremia? body is used to low levels of Na so when you give them Na you can kill them because their body thinks its overloading and cells don't hold onto H20. Could end up with central pontine demyelinitis which is when the brain expands into the foramen magnum.
What is hypernatremia? Increased Na levels caused by excessive exercise (lots of H2O loss but retain Na), Neurogenic diabetes (lack vasopressin, Nephrogenic diabetes (don't respond to ADH)
What is intracellular edema caused by? Your mitochondria aren't working and you end up with tissue ischemia. Ischemia happens in a stroke, heart attack because blood is blocked to a tissue.
What is elephantiasis? A parasite lives in your lymphatic system so nothing can drain and the organ/tissue swells.
Created by: Lillejoa
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