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Cumulative FINAL
BIOL 242, Campbell's Biology In Focus (text)--Cumulative Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| structural characteristics of prokaryotes | DNA in single circular chromosome with no membrane, lack membrane in organelles |
| structural characteristics of eukaryotes | multiple chromosomes in membrane-enclosed nucleus |
| Bacteria & Archaea are _____. | prokaryotes |
| binary fission | DNA is copied, 1 cell splits into 2 |
| 3 basic shapes of bacteria | coccus (round), spirochete (corkscrew), bacillus (rod) |
| vibrios | spiral bacteria |
| capsule | sugar coat around prokaryotic cell; helps the cell attach to host cells |
| slime layer | sugar coat around cell; less formed than a capsule; helps the cell attach to host cells |
| 3 basic parts of flagellum | filament, hook, basal body |
| protein that makes up flagellum filament | flagellin |
| Axial filaments propel spirochetes ___________. | forward in a spiral/corkscrew motion |
| fimbriae | thin hair-like appendage on the outside of a cell that is used to help it adhere to other cells |
| pili | join 2 separate bacterial cells for transfer of DNA |
| What do the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria contain? | peptidoglycan |
| osmosis | movement of solvent molecules across selectively permeable cell membrane from area of high concentration to area of low concentration |
| endospore | highly durable dehydrated cell structure containing DNA; formed by certain bacteria when they have a lack of water or nutrients |
| sporogenesis | process of endospore formation |
| germination (in bacteria) | When water enters the endospore and it returns to life |
| endosymbiotic theory | larger bacterial cells lost their cell walls and engulfed smaller bacterial cells so that eukaryotes were formed |
| mycorrhizae | fungal filaments that form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots |
| chemoheterotroph | gets energy from organic compounds, gets carbon from organic compounds; example: fungi |
| hyphae | long filaments of fungal cells that grow into plant root cells to form a symbiotic relationship |
| mycelium | underground network of fungal filaments ("roots") |
| sinoatrial node | the heart's pacemaker |
| taxonomy | the field of biology concerned with the naming and classification of diverse life forms |
| phylogenetics | a branch of taxonomy that identifies and groups various things based on hierarchical levels |
| 3 domains of living organisms | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| photoheterotroph | uses light as energy source and CO2 as carbon source (example: plants) |
| chemoautotroph | uses inorganic chemicals as energy source and CO2 as carbon source |
| photoautotroph | uses light as energy source and CO2 as carbon source |
| Describe the organisms found in Domain Archaea. | Often live in extreme environments (extreme temperatures, salinity, acidity) where other organisms could not survive. |
| Supergroup Unikonta contains _________. | animals, fungi, and amoebae |
| The animallian life cycle is known as __________. | zygotic meiosis |
| 5 major groups of land plants | bryophtes (moss, liverwort, hornwort); lycophytes (club moss); monilophytes (ferns); gymnosperms (have "naked" seeds); angiosperms (flowering plants) |
| The __________ carries out long-distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems. | vascular tissue |
| Plant tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are part of the ____________. | ground tissue system |
| The common mushroom structure that we often see is part of the _____________ division of fungi. | basidiomycetes |
| What division of fungi form arbuscular mycorrhizae? | glomeromycetes |
| top | dorsal |
| bottom | ventral |
| front | anterior |
| back | posterior |
| 3 layers of embryonic tissues | ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm |
| The ectoderm develops into __________. | the outer covering/skin |
| The endoderm develops into _________. | lining of digestive tube, digestive tract, some organs |
| The mesoderm deveops into _____________. | muscles, blood cells, skeletal system, various organs, lining of body cavity |
| Phylum Porifera | sponges |
| Phylum Cynidaria | corals, jellies, hydras |
| Phylum Nematoda | flatworms |
| Phylum Annelida | segmented worms |
| Phylum Mollusca | snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopi, squid |
| Phylum Arthropoda | insects, crabs, spiders |
| Phylum Echinodermata | sea stars, sea urchins |
| Characteristics of Phylum Chordata | Notochord, pharyngeal slits/clefts, dorsal hollow nerve cord, tail. Chordates possess all 4 characteristics at some point in their life. |
| gnathosome | vertebrate with a jaw |
| 4 specialized membranes of amniotic eggs | amnion, allantois, chorion, yolk sac |
| 4 types of tissues in animals | epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous |
| osmoregulation | the regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by animals in their internal environment to tolerate changes in their external environments |
| trophic levels in an ecosystem | producers, consumers, decomposers/detritovores |
| cardiac output | heart rate x stroke volume |
| endothelium | simple squamous layer of cells lining the lumen of blood vessels |
| erythropoietin (EPO) | a hormone associated with O2 carrying capacity |
| How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? | as CO2 in the plasma, as bicarbonate in the plasma, and as CO2 bound to hemoglobin |
| myogenic heart | doesn't need nervous connection/input to beat; can beat on its own via signals from the SA node (pacemaker) |
| What is necessary for speciation? | Divergence of population, becoming reproductively isolated |
| Equation for NPP | NPP (Net Primary Production) = GPP (Gross Primary Production [of energy from sunlight]) - Ra (respiration of autotrophs) = approx. 1/2 GPP |
| Describe gas exchange in birds. | Birds breathe by positive pressure. Have lungs and air sacs. There is a one-way flow of air with no mixing of inhaled and exhaled air--very efficient. |
| binomial and what it contains | the 2 part format of scientific naming; contains the genus and species names |
| levels in the Linaean system of classification | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| principle of maximum parsimony | We should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts, "shaving away" unnecessary complications. Also known as Occam's Razor. |
| Any phylogenetic tree represents a __________ about how the various organisms in the tree are related to one another. | hypothesis |
| nitrogen fixation | conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3); performed by cyanobacteria and some methanogens |
| Name the 5 major groups of bacteria. | proteobacteria, clamydias, spirochetes, cyanobacteria, gram-positive bacteria |
| Name the 4 supergroups of Eukaryotes | Excavata, "SAR" clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta |
| Main parts of brown algae | holdfast, stipe, blades |
| According to the text, when and how did eukaryotes arise? | more than 1.8 billion years ago by endosymbiosis |
| lichen | a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism (cyanobacterium or green alga) |
| How do fungi acquire nutrients? | by absorption; they are heterotrophs |
| To date, biologists have named more than __________ animal species. | 1.3 million (with estimates much higher) |
| According to the text, when did large forms of many present-day animal phyla appear? | 535-525 million years ago, during the Cambrian Explosion |
| major groups of vertebrates | myxini (hagfishes), petromyzontida (lampreys), chondrichthyes (have cartilage skeletons), actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes), actinistia (coelacanths), dipnoi (lungfishes), and tetrapoda (amphibians, reptiles, mammals) |
| monotremes | mammals that lay eggs |
| marsupials | mammals that give birth to live young that are early on in their development; the young finish their growth inside the mother's pouch |
| eutherians | largest group of mammals; have a longer pregnancy and more complex placenta than marsupials; includes primates, whales, and rodents) |
| layers of secondary growth in a tree trunk, from inside out | secondary xylem (heartwood, sapwood), vascular cambium, bark (secondary phloem, cork cambium, periderm [cork cambium, cork]) |
| stomata | pores in the leaf epidermis which allow exchange of CO2 and O2 between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf; are major avenues for the evaporative loss of water; has 2 guard cells that open and close |
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sparrowrenee
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