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Geology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Metamorphic Rock | Rock that is created through intense heat and pressure inside Earth |
| Cleavage | Breaking along smooth surfaces; The atoms have a regular arrangement |
| Hot Spot | Chain of magma that rises through the crust for a long period of time |
| Coal | A nonrenewable resource; formed from dead plants that lived millions of years ago; When they dies, they form peat, eventually forming coal |
| Three types of coal | Anthracite (Best because it is hot and clean), Bituminous, and Lignite |
| Nonrenewable Resources | Once a resource is used, it cannot grow back; A resource that can never be used again (Coal, oil, natural gas) |
| Renewable Resources | A resource that will never run out(wind, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, biomass) |
| Sedimentary Rock | Made through a five step process (Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation) |
| Faulting | Breaking and cracking of Earth's crust. |
| Transform Boundary | Plates slide past each other |
| Chemical Weathering | Rocks that are worn down by chemicals in the environment |
| Mechanical Weathering | Physical processes such as wind, water, and glaciers |
| Glaciers | Large chunks of ice; can be classified as either Alpine (found in mountains) or Continental (sheets of ice covering land) |
| Moh's Mineral Scale | Numbers 1-10, ten being the hardest mineral (diamond) and one being the softest mineral; Mineral hardness differ because of the crystal structure |
| Igneous Rocks | Formed from the cooling of magma on Earth; There are two types of igneous rock (intrusive and extrusive) |
| Intrusive Igneous Rock | The magma cools inside Earth's crust (takes longer to cool); Coarse- grained |
| Extrusive Igneous Rock | The magma cools on Earth's surface (cools quickly); Fine- grained |
| Rock Cycle | The process of rocks changing into other rocks (sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous) |
| Types of volcanoes | Shield (gently sloping layers with magma built up forming it) Cinder Cone (loosely packed ash and dust) Composite (Looks like regular mt.) |
| Types of earthquakes | Primary Waves (P-Waves;fastest) Secondary Waves (S-Waves) Surface Waves (S-Wave; only wave on surface; causes most damage) |
| Richter Scale | Measures the strength of an earthquake |
| Seismograph | An instrument used to pick up seismic waves of the earthquake to find it's exact location |
| Mineral Characteristics | hardness, color, streak, fracture, cleavage, luster, specific gravity (The ration of a mineral's weight compared with an equal volume of water |
| Earth's Crust | Lithosphere (more rock and solid) has two crusts (oceanic and continental); floats on aesthenosphere (on mantle) |
| Ore | A rock that contains metal and is taken out to help humanity |
| Foliated and Nonfoliatd | Foliated- Rocks that form in layers... Nonfoliated- Rocks that don't form in layers |
| Continental Drift | The process of how a single land mass (Pangaea) millions of years ago parted and became our seven continents |
| Topographic Map | A map that shows the changes in elevation |
| Soil Horizons | Horizon are layers that run from left to right; For soil, there are three layers (a, b, c) |
| Stalactites | A cone that hangs down from the top of a cave |
| Stalagmite | A cone that builds up on the bottom of the cave |
| Paleontology | Study of the past |
| Uniformitarianism | Changes on Earth's surface over a long period of time |
| Catastrophism | Sudden changes on Earth's surface; Natural disasters |
| Superposition | Younger rocks are on top of older rocks |
| Uncomformity | Rock layers have been folded, tilted, or changed dramatically |
| Rock layers (strata) | Tension (Stretched), folded, uplifted, subducted, pushed down under other rock layers, compression (push together) |
| Sea floor spreading | Younger rocks are found in the center of oceans near a mid-ocean ridge |
| Divergent Boundary | The plates divide and separate |
| Convergent Boundary | The plates collide |
| Seismology | The study of earthquakes |
| Geologic History Categories | Eon (largest) Eras, Periods, Epochs (smallest) |
| Anticline | The rock layers fold upward into an A- like formation |
| Syncline | The rock layers fold downward into a U shaped formation |
Created by:
Divya Parmar
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