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MB 302 Midterm I
Microbio Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Carl Woese | Came up with the three domain classification system (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) |
| Abbé Equation | The smallest distance between two objects that still lets you distinguish between the two |
| Electron Cryotomography | Technique used to study structures of cells and viruses; involves rapidly plunging samples into extremely cold liquid and then keeping them frozen during examination |
| Vitreous Ice | Glasslike solid that forms in electron cryotomography that preserves the native state of structures and immobilizes the specimen so it can be viewed in the high vacuum of the electron microscope |
| Tilt Series | The set of images that are recorded during electron cryotomography and that |
| Bright-Field Microscope | A type of light microscope that has a dark image against a brighter background. Most common of them all; good for seeing gross morphology of stained bacteria |
| Dark-Field Microscope | A type of light microscope that has a dark background. Uses light reflected from the specimen to form the image; good for viewing living unstained cells and internal structures |
| Phase Contrast Microscope | A type of light microscope that converts variations in the refractive index into changes in light intensity, thus making colorless, unstained cells visible; good for viewing living specimens |
| Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscope | A type of light microscope that cannot modify light, but uses two beams of polarized light generated by prisms to create high-contrast, 3D images of live specimens |
| Fluorescent Microscope | A type of light microscope that uses fluorescent light that's emitted by the specimen; uses a mercury arc lamp and a dichromatic mirror |
| Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope (CSLM) | A type of light microscope that uses a laser beam to create a detailed computer-generated image; good for thick, complex specimens |
| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | A type of electron microscope that gives over 100,000 magnification and 0.5 resolution; uses magnetic lenses to form an image from electrons that pass through a thin segment of a specimen; good for viewing internal structures, viruses, and DNA |
| Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | A type of electron microscope that gives over 100,000 magnification and 0.5 resolution; uses an electron beam to scan surface and external features; good 3D image |
| Scanning Tunneling Microscope | A type of scanning probe microscope that uses up/down movement of the probe to generate image; sharp probe moves over surface; no fixatives or stains |
| Atomic Force Microscope | A type of scanning probe microscope that uses up/down movement of the probe to generate image; sharp probe moves over surface; used with surfaces that don't conduct electricity well |
| Spirilla | Rigid spirals (exhibit corkscrew motility) |
| Spirochetes | Flexible spirals (exhibit wriggling motility) |
| MFS (major facilitator superfamily) Proteins | A class of proteins that are used in secondary active transport; these transporters use ion gradients |
| Siderophores | Low molecular weight organic molecules that bind ferric iron and supply it to the cell |
| Teichoic Acid | Secondary cell wall polymers made of glycerol or ribitol joined by phosphate groups; present only in Gram+ cell walls |
| Lipotechoic Acid | Teichoic acid that is linked from plasma membrane to the peptidoglycan layer within a Gram+ cell wall |
| Braun's Lipoprotein | Links the outer membrane to the plasma membrane; most abundant protein in the outer membrane |
| Lipid A | A component of lipopolysaccharides that is buried in the outer membrane |
| O-antigen | A component of lipopolysaccharides that is bent and located atop the core polysaccharide |
| Protoplasts | Gram+ bacteria whose entire cell wall has been destroyed in response to exposure to penicillin and lysozymes |
| Spheroplasts | Gram- bacteria whose peptidoglycan layer has been destroyed in response to exposure to penicillin and lysozymes, but still has the outer membrane and the plasma membrane intact |
| Mycoplasmas | Bacteria that lack a cell wall but have a plasma membrane that's sturdier and resistant to osmotic pressure, due to sterols in the membranes |
| Glycocalyx | Umbrella term that includes both capsules and slime layers; consists of a network of polysaccharides along cell's surface; attaches to solid surfaces (plaque on teeth) |
| S-Layer | The external-most layer in some bacteria; composed of proteins or glycoprotein and have a characteristic geometric shape; essential part of the cell wall in Archaea |
| FstZ | A cytoskeletal protein that's equivalent to eukaryotes' tubulin; used in septum formation in cell division |
| MreB/Mbl | A cytoskeletal protein that's equivalent to eukaryotes' actin; used in maintaining bacilli cell shape by properly positioning the machinery used for peptidoglycan synthesis |
| CreS/crescentin | A cytoskeletal protein that's equivalent to eukaryotes' lamin and keratin; used to induce curvature in curved rods (vibrio) |
| Anammoxosomes | A membrane-bound organelle that is the site of anaerobic ammonia oxidation and is unique to Planctomycete bacteria |
| PHB (poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate) Granule | A storage inclusion with a monolayer; used in making biodegradable plastics |
| Polyphosphate Granule | A storage inclusion that stores phosphate; used as an energy reserve/source |
| Sulfur Globule | A storage inclusion used for synthesis of nucleic acids (it's a source of electrons) |
| Cyanophycin Granule | A storage inclusion composed of Arg and Asp; used for storing extra nitrogen |
| Carboxysome | A microcompartment that concentrates oxygen; contains Rubisco enzyme |
| Magnetosome | A membrane bound iron granule used in transforming extracellular iron to magnetite; can make intracellular magnetic compass |
| Plasmids | Circular, extrachromosomal dsDNA; carry non-essential traits and replicate autonomously (separate from the cell). Major types include conjugative (F factor = fertility factor), resistance, virulence, and metabolic |
| Episome | A plasmid that is able to either exist freely in the cytoplasm or can be integrated into the chromosome |
| Curing | The process by which a plasmid is lost; can be spontaneous or induced |
| Type III Secretion System | Flagellum's growth from tip to specific length |
| Axial Fibril | Multiple flagella that wind around a spirochete and cause it to exhibit its wriggling motion during motility |
| Chemotaxis | Movement of cells towards chemical attractants or away from chemical repellants |
| Dipicolinic Acid + Calcium (Ca-DPA) | Helps make up a dehydrated core of an endospore; stabilizes DNA |
| Small Acid-Soluble DNA-Binding Proteins (SASPs) | Helps make up a dehydrated core of an endospore; helps stabilize critical components (such as DNA, ribosomes, etc), and also provides protection from desiccation, radiation, heat, chemicals |
| Protein Sheath | Combined with the S-layer in Archaea, it acts as a possible pressure regulator |
| Methanochondroitin | Combined with the S-layer in Archaea, it causes cell-cell adhesion (similar to animal connective tissue component) |
| Pseudomurein | Combined with the S-layer in Archaea, it helps in resistance to lysozymes and penicillin; similar to peptidoglycan; links to NAT, not NAM, and has a glycosidic interbridge |
| Polysaccharide Layer | A layer of archaeal cell walls made of something like pseudomurein; no S-layer involved; resembles Gram+ bacteria |
| Central Lumen | Contained within pili of archaeal cells |
| Cannulae | Hollow, tube-like structure in archaeal cells that form cell network; not sure what it's for |
| Hami | Filament in archaeal cells that have grappling hooks, allowing for attachment |
| Nucleocapsid | Nucleic acid within a protein coat (protein shell surrounding DNA/RNA) in viruses; aka a "naked virus" |
| Capsid | Protein coat made of protomers in viruses |
| Bacteriophage | Virus that uses a bacteria as its host |
| ssRNA | Strand of RNA that, if it is a plus/positive strand, is identical to mRNA; if it's minus/negative strand, it's complementary to mRNA |
| Adsorption | Attachment of a virus to specific host receptors on the host |
| Prophage | The form of virus that remains in its host during the lysogenic cycle |
| Induction | The switch from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle |
| Acute (Cytocidal) Infection | Cell lysis that occurs in eukaryotic cells due to a virus |
| Latent Infection | When viral components are present in a eukaryotic cell but the host is not harmed and is able to continue about its processes |
| Chronic Infection | Slow release of virus within a eukaryotic cell without lysis (budding); results in a stunted cell's growth |
| Plaques | A clear area in a lawn or layer of host cells that results form the lysis or killing of hte host cells by viruses; localized areas of cellular destruction due to both bacterial and animal viruses |
| Necrotic Lesion | Rapid death of cells in an infected area due to plant viruses (ex: brown spot on a leaf) |
| Cytopathic Effects (CPE) | Abnormalities in cells or tissue due to animal viruses |
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