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Plant and Animal
L3 Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abscisic Acid | A plant growth hormone that has a variety of effects |
| Actogram | a type of graph or chart commonly used in circadian research to plot activity (present or absent) against time |
| Agonistic | Intraspecific behaviour that alternates between attack and escape |
| Antagonist | Something opposing or in conflict with another |
| Auxin | A plant hormone regulating growth by effecting cell elongation |
| Biological Clock | the set of mechanisms within living organisms that link physiological processes with daily, monthly, or seasonal cycles or with stages of development and ageing |
| Chemo- | Being effected by a chemical |
| Circadian | A cyclical variation (rhythm) that lasts approximately 24 hours under constant environmental condition |
| Circannual | A cyclical variation (rhythm) that lasts approximately a year under constant environmental condition |
| Crepuscular | Most active at dusk and dawn |
| Critical Day Length | The photoperiod above which long-day plants flower and below which short day plant flower |
| Cytokinins | A group of plant hormones retarding ageing, promoting cell division and bud formation, sometimes promoting flowering and breaking dormancy |
| Diapause | A delay at some stage in the development of an arthropod, caused by stimuli indicating a change in environmental conditions and ended by specific stimuli |
| Diurnal | Most active during the day |
| Dormancy | A state of temporarily reduced metabolism |
| Effectors | A cell or organs that responds to a stimuli |
| Endogenous | Caused by internal factors that are independent of external stimuli |
| Entrainment | The process of resetting an internal clock so that it is synchronised with environmental rhythms |
| Exogenous | Caused by external stimuli |
| Free-running | A rhythm is free-running when it is proceeding independently of external changes |
| Geo- | Caused by gravity |
| Geomagnetic Cues | Using the earths’ magnetic field for orientation |
| Hibernation | A period of dormancy of animals during seasonal cold conditions, generally to survive a lack of food |
| Homing | The ability of an animal to find its way home over unfamiliar territory |
| Hormones | Chemical secreted into a plant or animal and transported to another part where it affects growth or activity |
| Innate | Coded for by genes |
| Kinesis | An orientation movement of an animal in which the stimulus governs the rate, but not the direction of movement |
| Learned | Behaviour that is modified by experienced |
| Long Day Plant | A plant that flowers when day-length exceeds a certain minimum length |
| Migration | The regular mass movement of members of a species for breeding and back again |
| Mimicry | The similarity in appearance of one species of animal to another that affords it protection from predators |
| Nastic Responses | Response of a plant organ to a non-directional environmental stimulus |
| Nocturnal | Most active at night |
| Ortho-/Klino Kinesis | Orientation responses in which the strength of the stimulus controls the rate of linear movement (ortho) or rate of turning (klinoO |
| Phase Shift | A phase of a rhythm is shifted so that entrainment occurs |
| Photo- | Response to light |
| Phytochrome | A pigment found in most plants that acts as the light receptor |
| Pigment | a natural substance in plant or animal tissue that gives it its colour |
| Polyandry | The practice of a female mating with more than one male in a breeding season |
| Polygamy | The practice of random mating with more than one member of the opposite sex during a breed season |
| Polygynandry | An organised social system in which during a breeding season a female mates with several males and a male mates with several females within the social group |
| Receptors | A cell or organ able to detect changes in the environment |
| Short Day Plant | A plant that flowers when day-length is less than a certain minimum length |
| Star Compass | Using the stars to navigate |
| Stimulus | An aspect or change in an individual’s external or internal environment that causes some sort of response |
| Sun Compass | Using the sun to navigate |
| Taxes | Directional movement in an animal towards or away from a stimulus |
| Thigmo- | Response to touch |
| Tropisms | A plant growth response to an external direction stimulus causing the plant to curve towards to away from the stimulus |
| Zeitgeber | An external environmental cue used to synchronise rhythmic behaviours with external events |
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