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Biology Unit 11
The Vertebrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phylum Chordata | subphylums: urochordata,cephalochordata,vertebrata |
| Subphylum Urochordata aka sea squirts or sea pork. medicinal uses (cancer, antiviral) | e. cambrian period. 540 mybp. origin of multicellular organism/oldest 3,000 marine species most adults sessile(attached to substrate) with pharyngeal slits) larvae tad pole like. filter feeders, simple nervous system(no heart/vessels)hermaphroditic |
| filter feeders | with in current&excurrent siphone tunic. tunic:course internal structural and in cases all body parts (sleeve) |
| subphylum cephalochordata | 26 species, marine filter feeders, have 4 hallmarks of chordates.gas exchange across body. usually sessile but can leave burrow&swim. |
| Pikaia gracilens | (bergess shale-mid cambrian period, by banff). earliest protovertebrate. only ~60 specimens have been recovered. mud dwelling (2-3 cm) leads to all modern lineages |
| Subphylum cephalochordata: craniates | biggest, most important group of vertebrata.start to see development of jaw. everybody beyond tunics, cephalachordates. 2 defining characteristics compared to nonvertebrate chordates. 1. cranium:protective bony or cartilaginous housing(anterior) |
| Subphylum cephalochordata: craniates nueral crest | )2.neural crest-embryonic cells that will dispeare throughout embryo contributing to the development of the skeleton, nerves, jaws and teeth |
| Subphylum cephalochordata: superclass osteichthyes-bony fish | 3 living classes: actinopterygil-ray finned fish, actinistia-coelacanths, dipnoi-lung fish(transitional group that developed ability to gulp air) all have: bony skeleton,operculum covering gills, swim bladder for buoyancy |
| Subphylum cephalochordata: superclass osteichthyes, Class Actinoptergil | includes all bony fish but coelocanths. fins supported by thin, bony flexible rays. separated from lobefin fish 440 mybp. over 29,000 species, making them largest class of vertbrates. rays that stick up on fish. supportive bony tissues |
| Subphylum cephalochordata: superclass osteichthyes, class Actinista | living fossil, appear in fossil record in Devonian (400 mybp) believed extincy until 1938. special joint in skull gives powerful bite.lobed pectoral&pelvic fins.coelacants->exremely primitve, fleshy appendages. instead of verebral column: hollow notochord |
| Subphylum cephalochordata: superclass osteichthyes, class Dipnoi | lungfish. devonian origins&400 mybp. 3 genera with 6 species live in oxygen poor fresh water. both gills&lungs(modified swim bladders)will drown if unable to breathe air |
| characteristics that link dipnoi to tetrapods | tooth enamel, separation of pulmonary blood flow from body blood flow. arrangment of skull bones&presence of 4 similarly sized limbs with same position &structure as the 4 tetrapods |
| tetrapods | tranisiton to land meant adaptations to prevent desiccation&locomotion&reproduction on land possible. sturdy lobe finned fishes become fishes with 4 limbs. veterbral column strngthened hip &shoulder boned braced against backbone. devonian origins |
| transitional taxa | Tiktaalik-fishapod fish-fish gills, fish scales fishapod-halffish, half tetrapod limb/bones&joints,functional wrist&radiating fish like fins not toes. tetrapod-ribs bones mobile neck lungs |
| romers gap | late devonian to early carboniferous 30 my "gap" where no tetrapods are found in fossil record |
| terrestrial challenges | water to land/air, gravity neutral to gravity, waste elimination(sturdy limbs,sturdy vertebrae,body joints,digits on limbs:5) |
| Subphylum cephalochrdata: superclass osteichthyes class amphibia metamorphosis regulated by thyroid hormones | successfully invaded land but must return to water to reproduce. take air in baccal chambers, puts air "under pressure" & force into lungs. skin is breathing membrane 3 chamber heart. external fertilization. larval stages aquatic. devonian |
| Subphylum cephalochordata: superclass osteichthyes class myxini | jawless, finless marine fish that lack vertebrate. cartilaginous notochord. eat dead tissue.slimy, smelly, essentially blind with keen sense of smell |
| vertebrates | All chordate &craniate characteristics PLUS: vertebral column:notochord replaced by bony or cartilage clumn of interlocking verterbrae.2:endoskeleton of carilage or bone-two pairs of appengages. 3.internal organs-liver, kidneys, endocrine glands&heart |
| Subphylum cephalochordata: superclass vertebrata class cephalaspidomorphi | lampreys. lack hinged jaw&true appendages. possess notochord&rudimentary vetebral column. most primitve. marine&fresh water. sea lamprey-abundence grows up to 1 m. invasive&decaminated commercial fishery |
| Subphylum cephalochordata: superclass vertebrata. The fish | key innovation in vertebrate evolution hinged jaw. developed first in fish. agnathans-jawless lampreys&hagfish. hinged jaws developed from pharngeal arches. descent with modification |
| Subphylum cephalochordata: superclass vertebrata. Class placodermata- | primitive jaw fish. earliest record of jaw fish. shields:armored pre-historic fish. 380 million year old fossil-silrian. evidence of internal fertilization. gogo formation in australia. first known embryos, complete with umbilical cord. |
| Subphylum cephalochordata: superclass vertebrata class chondricthyes | skeleton composed of flexible cartilage. (backbone&fins) functional teeth set in fleshy layer. (not set in jaw)denser than water, swim to maintain buoyancy &breathing. 2 chambered-single circulation. powerful sense of smell, lateral line(wave pressure) |
| Internal fertilization, skin/body of sharks | oviparous-lay eggs, ovoviparous-egg retained in female, no placenta. skin changes &developes glands to void dehydration. eyes debelopeye lids&adapt to vision outside of water. ear drum is developed. |
| conservation efforts | most dramatically imperited tetrapods. ozone depletion, climate change, pollution, habitat fragmentation |
| order anura, caudata,gymnophobia | a-frog&toads. neawrly 90% of amphibians, carnivorous adults, herbivorous larva. c-salamaders. paeodomorphosis. adult has larval characteristcs g-legless, nearly blind, tropical. secondarily legless, uterine milk nourishes young inside mothers body |
| Caecilians | resemble giant earthworms, rather than tropical amphibians. found throughout most of northeast south america, a few in southeast africa |
| amniotes | critical innovation was the development of a shelled egg that shelterd the embryo from desiccating conditions on land. amniotic egg broke tie to water. embryonic membranes &lack of a larval stage, distinguish amniotes from tetrapod amphibians |
| 4 extra embryonic membranes | 1.amnion-protect embryo in amniotic cavity/in a fluid filled sac. 2.yolk sac-enclosed a reserve of nutrients, get smaller with age. 3.allantosis-contains wastes from embryo gets bigger with age. 4.chorion-allows gas exchange together with allantosis |
| key innovations in amniotes | desiccation resistant skin, thoracic breathing-negative pressure sucks air in, water conserving kindneys-concentrate waste prior to elmination, internal fertilization-also occured earlier in placoderms |
| class reptilia | classification under revision, class testudines, class lepidosauria, class crocidila, class aves |
| class testudines | turtles, tortoises, terrapins. virtually unchanged for 200 million years. hard protective shell, vertebrates and ribs fused to shell. lack teeth but have sharp beak |
| class lepidosauria | lizards&snakes. kinetic skull with extremely mobile joints. lizards have movable eyelids&external ears, white snakes do not. skull can disconnect or dislocate |
| class crocodilia | 4 chambered heart, teeth in sockets, care for young (first time evident), teeth in jaw bones or sockets |
| big bert | 25 inches long, 89mybp. one of the only 4 found in canada. small front limbs. long skinny rostrum |
| Dinosaurs | class ornithischia bird hipped dinosaurs, class saurischia lizard-hipped dinosaurs, legs of dinosaurs were positioned directly under the body epithelial appendages(scales, feathers, hair,fur. epitheial placodes (areas of cell thickening where anotherdevep |
| archaeoptery lithographica | old winged creature except for feathers, very similar to dinosaurs. caudipteryx zoui, confuciousornis sanctus (completely feathered, lacking bony tail&toothed jaw) |
| class aves | 4 features: feathers(modified scales keep birds warm&enable flight) light weight skeleton(thin,hollow,sternum to anchor flight muscles, no teeth)air sac(very efficent breathing air flow unidirectional)reduction of organs(single ovary,no bladder) |
| acute vision | to look at more than one place at once. multiple fovea |
| avian adaptions | double circulation with 4 chambered heart, most carnivores, eggs brooded, complex courtships, 28 orders, 9600 species |
| class mammalia | evolved from amniote ancestors, earlier than birds. appeared 220 mya, after dinosaur extinction, mammals flourished (ecological release, punctuated equilibrium) extraordinary range of sizes and body forms |
| mammalian distinguishing characteristics | mammary glands secerete milk, all mammals have (more or less) hair, vertebrates with specialized teeth, 7 cervical vertebrae, unique skull:single lower jaw bone, 3 inner ear bones, pinnae external ears, brain enlarged in large skull |
| some but not all mammals: | digest plants using symbiotic (commensal) bacteria-present in herbavorous birds as well. role of caecum (appendix), ruminants horns(bony outgrowth of skull) and antlers(entirely of bone) |
| subclass prototheria | order monotremata. platypus & echinda lay eggs, lack placenta, poorly developed nipples |
| subclass metatheria marsupials | 7 orders once widespread, now confined mostly to austrailia, opossum found in s ontario & north america. very undeveloped young must make it to marsupium to finish development |
| subclass eutheria | placental mammals, prolonged gestations, placenta provides nourishment,, 18 orders. |
| order primatia-primates | primary tree-dwelling species, evolved about 85 mya, defining characteristics: grasping hands with opposable thumbs, large brain, some digits have flat nails, binocular vision |
| prosimians | bush babies, lemurs, pottos, tarsiers, generally nocturnal&smaller brained |
| anthropods | monkeys(tails, monkeys cannot swing from branch to branch (brachiate) hominoids(gibboms, gorillas, organgutans, chimps ) no tails, can brachiate, swing from branch to branch.. family hylobatidae |
| monkeys | new world monkeys, old world moneys, hanuman, a prominet, divine entity in. early incarnation of buddah |
| hominoids | an ape is any member of the superfamily hominoidea. 2 families(hylobatidae consists if 13 species of gibbon, hominidae consisting of oranguatans, gorillas, chimps, banobos&humans) |
| humans | related to chimps & apes but do not descend from them. all hominoids shared a common ancestor. |
| bipealsim | resulted in many changes spine sits underneath skull, broader pelvis, lower limbs, larger |
| australopithecines | widespread, at least 6 species, relatively small, facial structure&brain size similar to chimp |
| homo | increased brain size, store tools, homo sapiens, 3000 years ago. taller, lighter-weight slightly smalle brain capcacity than H. neander halensis. out of africa hypothesis supported over multiregional hypthesis |
Created by:
bdinney22
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