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Biology Unit 6
Bacteria & Archae
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Taxonomic relationships | prokaryotes can be divided into two domains: Bacteria&Archae. simple cell structure. ubiquitous->found absolutely everywhere on the planet. most prominent feature of them is their diversity. most known only as disntictive molecular species |
| Domain Archae | possess features common with eukaryotic nucleus&cytoplasm. suggest common ancestory(ie. histones,tRNA, not in bacteria). membrane likages diff from those in eukaryotes or bactera. ether based=more resistant to hear&extreme conditions |
| Domain Archae-extremophiles | kingdom crenarchaeota: sulfolobus&others that grow in extreme hot or cold or extreme salt. kinddomg euryarchaetoa: methane producers&extreme halophiles. widet tolerence.kingdom korarchaeota:hot springs. nanoarchaeota:hyperthermophiles |
| domain bacteria | 50 or so bacterial phyla (separated on the basis of rRna sequencing) (ribosomal dna) structural and metabolic features of half=unknown. most favour moderate conditinss |
| domain bacteria: proteobacteria | amazing diveristy of form&metabolism. 5 major subgroups:aplha(ancestors of mitochondria,rhizobium(nitrogen fixation)&agrobacteria(grows on plants, cancer like effect) beta:nitrosomonas(oxidize ammonia-nitrile) neisseria(gonorrhea bacteria) |
| domain bacteria: cyanobacteria | photosynthetic, abundant in fresh waters, oceans wetlands. named for blue-green or cyan color. generates oxygen as a product of photosynthesis gave rise to plastids of eukaryotic algae&plants common form of them produce organic carbon&fix nitrogen |
| horizontal gene transfer | lateral gene transfer. movement of one or more genes from one species to another. increases genetic diversity. influences methods used to infer the phylogeny of bacteria and archae. contrasts with vertical gene transfer from parent to progeny. |
| imporant concepts | bacteria&archae evolved from common ancestor. eukaryotic nucleus&cytoplasm likely arose in an anceient archae organism. mitochondra&plastids originated from proteobacteria&cyano by endosymbiosis. bacteria&archae are amazingly diverse |
| structure and motility | very small=limits amount of materials that can be stored within but allows for faster cell division. thylakoids: ingrowths of plasma membrane that increase SA for photosyntheseis. contain chlorophyll. magnetosomes-magnetite crystals locatelow oxy habitats |
| cell shape&arrangment | 5 major shapes: spheres(cocci) Rods(bacili) comma shaped (vibrios)spiral shaped(spirochaetes, flexible white spirili are ridgid) some occur as single cells, pairs, filaments. important diagnostic features |
| mucilage | composed of polysaccharides, protein, or both. secreted from cells. functions:evade host defenses, hold colony together(biofilms-helps aquatic float, bind mineral nutrients resistant to antibiotics) |
| cell wall structure | maintain cell shape&help protect against attack. avoid lysis in hypotonic solutions. archae&some bacteria use protein. most bacteria use peptidogylcan |
| gram staining | gram positive: relatively thick pepridoglycan layer, purple dye. help in thick layer cells. vulnerable to penicillin gram negative: less of it&thin outer envelope of lipopolysaccharides.pink stain resists penicillian&requires other anitbodies |
| motility | flagella-swimming. pili-twitch or glide, threadlike cell surface structures gas vesicles-cyanobacteria, adjust buoyancy. move up or down in water column |
| Binary fission | divide by splitting in 2, basis for widely used method of detecting&counting bacteria. can also use fluorescent dye that binds to bacterial dna to directly count bacteria |
| surviving health conditions | akinetes:develop when stressed, can germinate into metabolically active cells under favourable conditions. endospores:tough protein coat, dormant sperm. help explain our difficulty eradicating many serious diseases |
| obtaining genetic material | transduction(via viral vector) transformation(via uptake of dna from environment) conjugating(via mating with another cell) |
| nutrition&metabolism | more diverse types of metabolism than any other group of organisms. can be classified by: nutrition, response to oxygen or presence of specialized metabolic processes |
| nutritian classification autotrophs | autotrophs-produce all or most their own organic compounds. photoautotrophs-use light as nrg source for synthesis of organic compounds from Co2 or H2s chemoautotrophs-use inorganic compounds to synthesize organic ones |
| nutritian classification heterotrophs | heterotrphs-organisms that require atleast one organic compound, often more. photoheterotrophs-able to use light nrg to make ATP but they must take in organic compounds from environment. chemoheterotrph-must obtain organic molecules for nrg&carbon sour |
| classification by oxygen response | obligate aerobes-require oxygen faculatative aerobes-can use oxygen or not obligate anerobes-cannot tolerate oxygen aerotolerant anerobes-do not use oxygen but are not poisened by it |
| classification by special metabolism | diazotrophs conduct nitrogen fixation. enzyme nitrogenase converts inorganic inorganic N gas into ammonia. plants dependant on ammonia to make nitrogen. |
| ecological roles | carbon cycle-producers synthesize organic compounds used by other organisms as food. decomposers (saprobes) break down dead organisms to release minerals for reuse. methangeons-make methane methanotrophs-consume methan |
| symbiotic roles | mutualism: association benefical to both partners. many aquatic protists depend on bacterial partners for vitamins parasitism: one partner benefits at expense of other. pathogens(cholera,leprosy,lyme disease,ect) |
| bacterial attack | type 3-syringe to inject proteins into host cells, initiating the disease process. type 4-forms a channel through which DNA can be transmitted from a pathogen to a host cell |
| economic significance | diary products (cheese, yogurt)vinegar amino acids enzymes vitaminds insulin vaccines antibiotics. useful in treating waste waster, industrial effluent&other harmful substances. bioremediation-agriculture(baacillus produces Bt toxins) |
Created by:
bdinney22
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