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Nur-354
Quiz #5 - Cancer
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What do protooncogenes do? | Promote growth |
| What do tumor suppressor genes do? | Inhibit growth |
| What is contact inhibition? | Inhibits growth |
| What is apoptosis? | Programmed cell death |
| What does "C" mean in caution? | Change in bowel or bladder habits |
| What does "A" mean in caution? | A sore that does not heal |
| What does "U" mean in caution? | Unusual bleeding or discharge from any orifice |
| What does "T" mean in caution? | Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere |
| What does "I" mean in caution? | Indigestion or difficulty swallowing |
| What does "O" mean in caution? | Obvious change in wart or mole |
| What does "N" mean in caution? | Nagging cough or hoarseness |
| What does proliferate mean? | Increase in number |
| What does differentiation refer to? | Function |
| Name three characteristics of malignant neoplasms | Invade and metastasize, poorly differentiated, increased vascularity |
| Name three characteristics of benign neoplasms | Encapsulated, well differentiated, rarely recur |
| What are the three stages of cancer development? | Initiation, promotion, progression |
| How is the initiation stage of cancer development described? | Irreversible mutation caused by a trigger |
| How is the promotion stage of cancer development described? | Reversible proliferation based on promoting factors |
| How is the progression stage of cancer development described? | Increased proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis |
| How is the latent period defined? | The time between genetic change and clinical signs (time between initiation and promotion) |
| What are the most common sites of metastasis? | Brain, bone, adrenals, liver, lungs |
| What is angiogenesis? | Ability to grow new blood vessels |
| Which cells initiate an immune response to tumor associated antigens? | Lymphocytes |
| What are tumor associated antigens? | Abnormal antigens; cells that are different |
| What are oncofetal antigens? | Cells shift back to immature, less differentiated state |
| Name four tumor markers | CEA, AFP, CA-125 and PSA |
| How are tumor markers helpful? | They are used to monitor therapy; if they're present, then therapy needs to continue |
| What type of cancer is indicated with the presence of CEA? | Colorectal cancers |
| What type of cancer is indicated with the presence of AFP? | Liver cancers |
| What type of cancer is indicated with CA-125? | Breast cancer |
| What type of cancer is indicated with PSA? | Prostate cancer |
| From what tissue type do brain, skin, and gland cells come from? | Ectoderm |
| From what tissue type do muscles, bone and connective tissue come from? | Mesoderm |
| From what tissue type do trachea, lungs and epithelium tissue come from? | Endoderm |
| From what tissue type do carcinomas originate? | Ectoderm (skin, glands, mucous membraness) |
| From what tissue type do sarcomas originate? | Mesoderm (connective tissue, muscle, bone and fat) |
| From what tissue type do lymphomas and leukemias originate? | Hematopoietic (blood) system |
| What is anatomic cancer classification based on? | Cancers are named based on tissue they differentiate from |
| What is histologic cancer classification based on? | Do the cells resemble the tissue of origin; based on tissue sampling |
| Which classification system uses Grades? | Histologic cancer classification |
| What is clinical staging classification based on? | Anatomic extent of the disease; degree of spread; guides treatment |
| Which classification system uses stages? | Clinical staging classification |
| How many stages are in the clinical classification system? | Five, stages 0 through 4 with 0 meaning insitu and 4 meaning metastasis |
| How many grades are in histologic cancer classification? | Four, grades I through IV; grade I meaning well differentiated to grade IV meaning completely undifferentiated (Aplasia) |
| What is TNM staging system used for? | Classify SOLID, invasive tumors; anatomic extent of the disease at time of diagnosis |
| What does TNM stand for? | Tumor size, nodes involved, metastasis extent |
| What are the three goals of collaborative treatment of cancer? | Cure, control, palliation |
| What is involved in prevention aspects of surgical therapy goals? | Prophylactic removal of non-vital organs |
| What is involved in cure and control aspects of surgical therapy goals? | Remove all or most of tumor, sparing normal tissue |
| What is involved in palliation aspects of surgical therapy goals? | Maximize body function or facilitate treatment |
| What is involved in rehabilitation aspects of surgical therapy goals? | Enhance body image |
| Name an alkylating chemotherapy agent | Cytoxan |
| Name a platinum drug chemotherapy agent | Cisplatin |
| Name an antitumor antibiotic chemotherapy agent | Doxorubicin |
| Name a corticosteroid chemotherapy agent | Hydrocortisone |
| How are chemotherapy drugs administered most often? | IV |
| What is the hallmark sign of extravasation? | Pain at the site of administration |
| What can vesicants cause? | Tissue necrosis |
| What is the preferred route of chemotherapy administration? | Central venous access |
| Why is central venous access a preferred route of chemotherapy administration? | Decreased venipuncture and extravasation |
| What is the biggest con to the use of central venous access administration of chemotherapy medications? | Risk for infection |
| What does PICC stand for? | Peripherally inserted central catheter |
| What is a PICC line used for? | Multifunctional central line used for IV infusions, blood draws, and blood product infusions |
| What precaution must be taken in regards to a PICC line? | No BP or lab draws in the extremity with the PICC line |
| What is teletherapy? | A form of radiation using an external beam |
| What is brachytherapy? | A form of radiation using an internally placed radioactive seeds |
| Name two examples of biologic response modifiers | Interferon and interleukin |
| What is the major side effect of biologic and targeted therapies? | Flu-like syndrome |
| How can the flu-like symptoms of biologic and targeted therapies be alleviated? | Use Tylenol before the drugs are administered |
| What is the universal symptom of chemotherapy treatment? | Fatigue |
| What is the nadir? | The lowest blood cell counts that occur 7-10 days after start of treatment |
| What can be given in response to neutropenia? | Neupogen |
| What can be given in response to thrombocytopenia? | Platelets |
| What can be given in response to anemia? | Procrit |
| What prophylactic antiemetics can be given prior to chemotherapy? | Ondansetron (Zofran) or Metoclopramide (Reglan) |
| What kind of diet is preferred for the side effect of diarrhea in regards to chemotherapy treatment? | Low fiber, low residue |
| What is xerostomia? | Dry mouth |
| What medications can be used to treat persistent and breakthrough pain associated with cancer pain? | Opioid analgesics and NSAIDs |
| What causes superior vena cava syndrome? | A tumor or clot obstruction of the superior vena cava |
| What are s/s of superior vena cava syndrome? | Facial edema, periorbital edema, JVD |
| What are s/s of spinal cord compression? | Persistent back pain, parasthesias, bowel/bladder changes |
| When can third space syndrome occur? | After treatments or surgical interventions |
| What are s/s of third space syndrome? | Hypotension, tachycardia, decreased urine output; might see edema on the outside, but fluid is not in the vascular space |
| What does SIADH cause? | Water retention causes dilutional hyponatremia |
| What are s/s of SIADH? | Weight gain without edema, weakness, anorexia, seizures |
| What is the treatment for SIADH? | 3% NaCl to replace sodium |
| When can hypercalcemia develop? | In cancer of the bone or bone metastasis |
| What are s/s of hypercalcemia? | Apathy, depression, fatigue, muscle weakness |
| What is the treatment for hypercalcemia? | Hydration (to dilute), diuretics to excrete, and bisphosphantes to keep calcium in the bones |
| What is tumor lysis syndrome? | During chemotherapy, the cancer cells lyse and release intracellular contents |
| What are s/s of tumor lysis syndrome? | Hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia |
| What are s/s of hypocalcemia? | Fatigue, extremity numbness, muscle cramps, hyperreflexia (tetany, Chvostek's sign, Trousseau's sign) |
| What treatments are used for tumor lysis syndrome? | Fluids, allopurinol (treat hyperuricemia), electrolyte balance |
Created by:
ssbourbon
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