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Micro CH13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Normal (resident) Flora | The normal, balanced coexistence with microbes by healthy people. Microbes naturally exist on/in the body (not the sterile areas) |
| Infection | Invasion and colonization by a pathogen (any infectious agent), results in disease (damage to host) |
| Pathogen | infectious agent |
| Transient Flora | Microbes that occupy the body only for short periods of time |
| Initial Colonization of a new born will occur once ______. | The fetal membrane is broken and with all subsequent handling, feeding. This exposure will become its normal flora |
| Probiotics | Introducing known microbes back into the body |
| True Pathogens | Can cause disease in a normally healthy human |
| Opportunistic Pathogens | Causes disease when the hot's defenses are compromised |
| Pathogenicity | How infectious something is |
| Virulence | contributes to the severity of a disease |
| Virulence Factors | Enzymes or toxins that the organism releases that increases virulence |
| Name portals of entry for organisms into the human body. | Skin (cuts, nicks), GI Tract (ingested materials), Resp Tract (oral/nasal), Urogenital Tract (sexual/displaced organisms), Transplacental (crosses the placenta to fetus) |
| STORCH (pathogens that infect during pregnancy) | Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Other [Hep B, AIDS, Chlamydia], Rubella, cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus |
| Infectious dose | Minimum # of microbes required for infection to proceed |
| The lower the ID, the greater the ______. | Pathogenicity |
| If the ID is not reached, an infection will/will not occur? | will not |
| Adhesion | Microbes gain a stable foothold at the portal of entry. |
| Initial host defenses come from ______. | Phagocytes (cytosis) |
| ____ ______ are used by microbes to avoid phagocytosis. | Antiphagocytic Factors |
| ________ are toxic to WBCs and are produced by species of staph and strept. | Leukocidins |
| Name the 4 distinct stages of clinical infections. | Incubation period, prodromal stage, period of invasion, convalescent period |
| In the incubation period of an infection, you are typically ______. | Asymptomatic |
| During the prodromal stage, you may feel ____ ____. | Vague discomfort |
| During the period of invasion, _______ occurs, _____ are released, ____ increase and reach their height. | multiplication, toxins, symptoms |
| During the convalescent period _______. | Symptoms decline |
| List 3 classifications of WHERE an infection occurs. | Localized, Systemic, Focal |
| Infection remains confined to specific tissue. | Localized |
| Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream | Systemic |
| When infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues | Focal |
| With a ____ ____, several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site (polymicrobial). | Mixed infection |
| An infection with 1 organism and is the initial infection... | Primary infection |
| An infection caused by a 2nd pathogen. | Secondary infection |
| List 3 ways HOW an infection occurs. | Acute infection, Chronic infection, Asymptomatic |
| Comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects | Acute Infection |
| Progress and persist over a long period of time | Chronic infection |
| Although infected, the host doesn’t show any signs of disease | Asymptomatic |
| Signs of an infection can/cannot be seen outwardly? | Can |
| Symptoms of an infection can/cannot be seen outwardly | cannot, patient describes |
| Lymphadenitis | Swollen lymph nodes |
| Edema | accumulation of fluid |
| Granulomas/abscesses | Walled off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes |
| Leukocytosis | increase in WBCs |
| Leukopenia | decrease in WBCs |
| Septicemia | microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and present in large numbers |
| Bacteremia | small numbers of bacteria present in blood not necessarily multiplying |
| Viremia | small numbers of viruses present, not necessarily multiplying |
| List some portals of exit for pathogens. | Respiratory (mucous, sputum, nasal drainage, saliva), skin scales, fecal, urogenital tract, removal of blood |
| Some diseases go into a period of _____ and recur periodically. The person may or may not shed it during this time. | Latency |
| Chronic carrier | person with a latent infection who sheds the infectious agent |
| Sequelae | long term or permanent damage to tissues or organs |
| Primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world | Reservoir |
| An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others | Carrier |
| Passive Carrier | Contaminated healthcare provider picks up pathogens and transfers them to other patients |
| Individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired | Source |
| Asymptomatic carrier | Shows no symptoms |
| Incubation carriers | spread the infectious agent during the incubation period |
| Convalescent carriers | recuperating without symptoms |
| Individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period | Chronic carrier |
| A live animal (other than human) that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another. | Vector |
| Biological vectors | Actively participate in a pathogen's life cycle |
| Does not necessarily participate in the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transports it without being infected. | Mechanical Vector |
| An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans. | zoonosis |
| Communicable disease | When an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host. |
| Infectious | Highly communicable disease |
| Non-communicable infectious disease | does not arise through host to host transmission. Typically normal flora invades compromised host |
| Nosocomial infection | Disease acquired during a hospital stay |
| Epidemiology | Study of frequency and distribution of diseases. |
| Reportable disease | Notification is required (to the appropriate individuals/authorities) |
| Disease prevelance | total # of existing cases of a particular disease |
| New cases of a disease over a period of time. | Disease incidence |
| Mortality rate | Total # of deaths |
| Total # of people affected with a disease | Morbidity Rate |
| Endemic | Relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic region/locale |
| When occasional cases are reported at regular intervals | Sporadic |
| Epidemic | When prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected |
| Pandemic | Epidemic across continents |
| Koch's Postulates | Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of disease/Isolate that microbe from infected subject, cultivate it artificially- Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with isolate, observe the resultant disease/Reisolate the agent from this subject |
Created by:
wiveys
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