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Biology Unit 1

Introduction to Evolution

QuestionAnswer
Biological evolution heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations. cannot change. we are what we are. N.s.--> unique, has something others dont in order to survive, needed to survive. Sapient---> wise, and knowing
Scales of evolution microevolutionary shift- one leads to another, leads to another. small changes accumulating over time, gradualism viewed on a small scale relating to changes in a single gene in a population over time. single change evolution, 1 or few genes. horse larger scale. relating to formation of new species or groups of species. ie predatory cats microevolutionary shift.
Adaptive radiation when speciation occurs multiple times through the migration of populations into new environments.
Species concept problems: geographical isolation, physical constraints. species- group of related organisms that share a distinctive form. among species that reproduce sexually (genetic diversity) members of the same species are capable of interbreeding to produce viable and fertile offspring under natural conditions.
Evolutionary theory and scientific inquiry relies on observation to form an idea or hypothesis rather than trying to understand life from a physical or spiritual point of view. falsifiable hypothesis = central tenants
history of evolutionary thought mid to late 1600s. john ray (1627-1705). was first to carry out a through study of the natural world. modern species concept. developed early classification system.
carl Linneas father of binomial nomenclature. didnt propose that evolutionary change promotes formation of new species. swedish botonist, zoologist. system natural. first publication he produced on classification of plants
George Buffon 1707-1778 small # of european scientists suggest life forms are not fixed.life forms change over time. recognized bio geographical variation. criticized by church, studied fossils. ernst mayrs said he was not an evolutionist, but a father of evolutionary thought
monogeneism all species have a single origin. degeneration theory of races. all human kind derived from caucasions, other "races" result of a degeneration due to environmental factors.
jean baptiste lamarck lamarcian biology. believed living things evolved toward perfection. inheritance of acquired traits. (girafee). In next gen species can change by using or not using appendage. next gen could acquire this
George Cuvier french anatomist. school of catastrophism/extinction. catastrophe wiped out certain species. punctuated, came to an end. sudden emergence & disappearance. suggested extinction. critical of evolution, rejected idea of gradual change from one to another.
James hutton 1726-1797. geologist in straigraphy. school of gradualism--> small changes over a long period of time. gradualist shift towards elongate of limbs
Charles lyell 1797-1875. british geologist, geographical theorist, doctirne of uniformitarism: small changes accumulating through time.principles of geology: present is the key to the past. royal linnean society
descent with modification evolution based on variation within a given species & natural selection. N.s-> culls ind. less likely to survive & reproduce. leads to adaptation-> pop. characteristics change, members better suited survive, breed&replicate gene pool.
Fitness, biological capacity survival of the fittest. capacity to increase genetic contribution to future generations. selfish gene.
Darwinian fitness ability of an organism to pass genes on to another organism relative likely hood that a genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next gen. as compared to other genotypes measure of reproductive success=those who leave alot of copies of their genes
Microevolution changes in a populations gene pool from gen to gen. change b/c: introduce new genetic variation (mutations, gene duplication, exon shuffling, horizontal gene transfer). pop will not evolve with mutations as only source
micro evolution cont. evolutionary mechanisms that alter the prevalence of allele or genotype (n.s, random genetic drift, non random mating, potential for widespread genetic change.
population group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed with one another. some species occupy a wide geographic range and are divided into discreate populations.
molecular homology similarities in cell at molecular level indicate living species evolved from common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestor. sequences of closely related species tend to be more similar to each other rather than distant related species.
molecular homology proof all living species use dna to store info. certain biochemical pathways are found in all or nearly all species. same type of gene is often found in diverse organisms. certain genes found in diverse array of species.
anatomical homolgy same set of bones in the limbs of modern vertebrate has undergone evolutionary change to be used for many diff purposes. vestigial structures:anatomical structures no apparent function but resemble structures of presumed ancestors. ie gil ridges
divergent evolution (adaptive radiation) common ancestor and divergent physiological, morphological, behavioural, responses to diff ecological challenges. multiple related, but diff species.
convergent evoltuion 2 diff species from different lineages (starting point) show similar characterises bc they occupy similar environments. ecomorphological configures. MacArthur and James-> predetermined body forms in response to ecological challenges.
fossilization process. taphonomy. consider the probability of life, death, preservation, survival. amber(inclusions)contains organism itself com/impression: cast of what was there buried inside. permineralization: replace organics w minerals bone->stone. trace fossil:
observations of evolutionary change fossil record, biogeography, convergent, divergent & parallel evolution. selective breeding. homologies: anatomical, developmental, molecular.
parallel evolution similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor but different clades.
Created by: bdinney22
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