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Micro CH12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between a synthetic and a semisynthetic drug? | Synthetic drugs are derived in a lab while semisynthetic drugs begin from a natural source, but is then later altered/adjusted. |
| Selective toxicity means _____. | That the drug is more toxic to the pathogen than the host. |
| What are two spectrums (range of activities) for drugs? | Narrow spectrum, broad spectrum |
| Drugs that are effective on a small range of microbes are classified as having a _____. | Narrow Spectrum |
| Broad spectrum drugs work against _____. | several species |
| Broad spectrum drugs can affect the body's _____. | Normal Flora |
| Broad spectrum drugs are effective against Gram _________. | Positive and Negative organisms |
| Narrow spectrum drugs are effective against Gram _______. | Positive organisms |
| Name the 5 categories of drug action mechanisms. | Cell Wall inhibitors, CEll membrane disruptors, Nucleic Acid synthesis interrupters, Protein synthesis inhibitors, Metabolic pathway inhibitors |
| How do cell wall inhibitors work? | They target peptidoglycan polymerases (enzymes). They inhibit the cross linkages of the enzymes. They work best on young, growing cells and are less effective on Gram Negative cells (significantly less peptidoglycan) |
| Cell wall inhibitors are safe for humans because humans __________. | Lack peptidoglycan |
| Cell membrane disruptors work by ________. | Attaching to phospholipids, creating pores in the membrane which causes a loss of integrity. |
| Drugs that interrupt nucleic acid synthesis cause ________ | DNA to not unwind or nucleotide analogs are used. These analogs look like nucleotides, but aren't. They work well against viruses b/c viral DNA replication is messy. |
| Penicillin would be classified as a ________. | Cell wall inhibitor |
| Drugs that inhibit protein synthesis act by _____. | attaching to 70s ribosomes in various ways: They can read the code wrong, stop elongation, block assembly of the ribosome, tRNA des not bind, No translocation. Humans have mitochondria that contain 70s ribosomes. |
| Most drugs that block metabolic pathways work by blocking an enzyme needed to make ______. | folic acid (a precursor needed to make DNA). This results in DNA inhibition. |
| Major drug groups are categorized based on ______. | The type of organisms they target |
| Penicillin is the original ________. | Beta Lactam, Antibacterial drug |
| What are some semisynthetic drugs derived from penicillin. | Amoxicillin, Ampicillin |
| What group of drugs is produced by a fungus and has a narrow spectrum? | Cephalosporins |
| Name 3 non beta-lactam cell wall inhibitors. | Vancomycin, Bacitracin, Isoniazid |
| Vancomycin has a ________ spectrum and is most effective in the treatment of _______ infections. | Narrow, staphylococcal |
| Bacitracin has a ________ spectrum and is used ______ in an ointment. | Narrow, topically |
| Isoniazid is used to treat infections with _______________ _____________. | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Polymixins damage the _______, are produced by ______ and are effective against Gram _______ organisms. | cell wall, bacillus, negative |
| Polymixins are found in ______. | Neosporin |
| Fluoroquinolones act on ____ or ____ by preventing ____ from uncoiling/recoiling properly. | DNA, RNA, DNA |
| Fluoroquinolones are _______ spectrum. | Broad |
| Fluoroquinolones are ______ and this could lead to a ________ bacteria. | Overused, ciprofloxacin resistant |
| Aminoglycosides interfere with _____ ______ and bind to the _____ ______. | Protein synthesis, ribosomal subunit |
| Name 3 aminoglycosides. | Gentamycin, streptomycin, neomycin |
| Aminoglycosides are effective against Gram ______ rods as well as some ______. | negative, Gram Positive |
| Tetracycline antibiotics are ________, have a ______spectrum and produce lots of _______. | semisynthetic, broad, side effects |
| Tetracycline antibiotics can be used for ____, ______, ____, _____, _____, and ______. | STDS, Rocky Mountain Spotted fever, typhus, acne, protozoa |
| Chloramphenicol can be used to treat ____, _____, ______, _______. | Typhoid fever, brain abscesses, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. |
| Erythromycin has a _____ spectrum. | Broad |
| Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) block _____ _____. | Metabolic Pathways |
| Sulfonamides have a ______ spectrum. | narrow |
| Toxic antifungal drugs are limited to _____ _____. | Topical application (Fungal cells are eukaryotic which means when something is toxic to them, it is toxic to human cells as well) |
| Quinine is an _______ used to treat/prevent ______. | Antiparasitic drug, malaria |
| Antiviral drugs block _____. | Penetration into a host cell, replication, transcription, translation. |
| Interferons are _____ _____. | Human based |
| Interferons reduce ______ and some _____. | healing time, complications of infections |
| Name some ways drug resistance is acquired. | Adaption (mutation is passed down), conjugation (sex pilus), transduction, transformation |
| Explain natural selection. | Large populations of microbes (likely to include drug resistant cells), once exposed to drug, sensitive cells will die/resistant will survive and grow in population, eventually the entire population will be resistant |
| Name some major side effect between drugs and host. | Direct damage to tissues (Kidneys, Liver, digestive tract, Fetal cells), Allergic reactions, disruption in the balance of normal flora |
| Disruption of the balance of normal flora could result in a ____________. | Superinfection (due t drug killing normal flora microbes that typically keep the superinfection at bay) |
| What are some items to consider when selecting an antimicrobial drug? | Identify the organism (rapid testing), Test the organism's sensitivity to various drugs in vitro when indicated, what's the overall medical condition of the patient |
| The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the _________. | smallest amount of a drug needed to kill a microbe |
Created by:
wiveys
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