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Mendalian Genetics
Bio Lab Chapter 11 Section II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Medelian inheritance can be summarized by two laws, | known as Mendel's First and Second Law of Heredity. |
| The first law is the Law of Segregation states that.. | homologous alleles separate from each other during the formation of gametes (in diploid individuals) It came from realizing that tall plants bred with short plants, would produce all tall plants, but in the next generation would produce short plants agai |
| Mendel's second law is the Law of Independent Assortment states that genes located ... | on different chromosomes assort into gametes independently of each other. |
| No all genes assort independently of each other, some genes are .. | linked, during meiosis these genes remain lined to each other, preventing them fro assorting independently. Genes located on the chromosomes are responsible for sex determination are sex linked. |
| allele | one group of alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a given location on a chromosome |
| autosome | any chromosome that is a sex chromosomes |
| chromosome | a structure composed of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information; made up of genes |
| Dihybrid cross | a cross in which two genes are followed |
| Diploid | a chromosome number twice that found in gametes; containing two sets of chromosomes as 2n |
| Dominant | an allele whose phenotypic effect is the same in both the heterozygous and homozygous conditions. |
| F1 generation | First filial generation. The offspring of the P generation. |
| F2 generation | Second filial generation. The offspring of the F1 generation. |
| Gamete | a reproductive or germ, cell; either an egg or sperm. |
| Gene | the biological unit of genetic information; containing the information for the synthesis of a single protein; located in a definite position on a chromosome |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| haploid | having a single set of chromosomes as normally present in a mature gamete; written as n |
| Hemizygous | possessing only one copy of a gene in an otherwise diploid cell. The genes on a male (XY) sex chromosomes for example of hemizygous. |
| Heterozygous | possessing two different alleles for a given character at the same locus pair of homologous chromosomes |
| Homologous alleles | alleles of the same gene that are located on homologous chromosomes |
| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that are identical to each other with respect the position of the gene loci. |
| homozygous | possessing identical alleles for a given character at the same locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes |
| Law of Segregation | allele pairs separate during gamete formation and randomly unite during fertilization |
| Law of Independent Assortment | genes located on different chromosomes assort into gametes independently of one another. |
| Linked genes: | genes located on teh same chromosomes. Geness on sex chromosomes are sex linked. Genes on autosomes are autosomally linked. |
| locus (pl loci) | position of a gene on a chromosome. |
| Meiosis | a spearation of chromosomes that result in new cells with ahlf the genetic material of the parent cell. Occurs during the formation of gametes in diploid individuals |
| Model cross | a cross designed to demonstrate or study a particular mode of inheritance |
| Monohybrid cross | a cross in which one gene is followed |
| Mutation | an inheritable change (caused by something other than recombination) in the DNA sequence of a chromosome. Mutation are not always recessive. |
| P generation | Parental generation. The generation that begins a cross. |
| Phenotype | the actual appearance of an individual, the physical expression of the genotype |
| Recessive | the opposite of a dominant character; expressed phenotypically only when homozygous or haploid. |
| Sex chromosomes | the chromosome pair that determines an individual's sex. In humans and fruit flies, genotype XX individuals and genotype XY are male. |
| Test cross | a mating between a phenotypically dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual |
| true-breeding | homozygous (or hemizygous if referring to a sex chromosomes) |
| Wild-type allele | the allele(s) responsible for the wild-type phenotype. Wild-type alleles are not always the dominant alleles. |
| Wild-type phenotype | the most common phenotype in a population |
Created by:
kccroy
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