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test 4
blood vessels, heart,immune
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| B What are the functions of blood? | transportation of O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat & hormones, regulation, protection from disease. |
| B What are physical characteristics of blood? | thick, 100.4 degrees, pH 7.4, 8% volume. |
| B What are the components of blood? | plasma, water, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products. |
| B What are the functions of blood? | transportation of O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat & hormones, regulation, protection from disease. |
| B What are physical characteristics of blood? | thick, 100.4 degrees, pH 7.4, 8% volume. |
| B What are the components of blood? | plasma, water, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products. |
| B What is hemopoiesis and where does it happen? | It is blood formation and it occurs in yolk sac of embryo and red bone marrow of adults. |
| B Pluripotent stem cells are precursors for? | |
| B Myleoid stem cells are precursors for? | |
| B Lymphoid stem cells? | |
| B What is the production of red blood cells called and where does it occur? | Erythropoiesis. Red bone marrow. |
| B What is hemostasis? | The response to stop bleeding. |
| B What is hemorrahage? | |
| B What the 3 mechanisms can reduce blood loss from blood vessels? | Small blood vessel contraction (vascular spasm), platelet plug formation, blood clotting. |
| B What are the 3 stages of blood clotting? | prothrombinase is formed, prothrombinase convert prothrombin into thrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen (blood protein)into fibrin threads. |
| B Red blood cells are formed elements of blood. | Erythrocytes. Live only 120 days. |
| B White blood cells are formed elements of blood. | Leukocytes (granular: neutrophils engulf bacteria and debris, basophil, and eosinophil fights infections). (agranular: lymphocytes like t cells and b cells, and monocytes large particles) |
| B Platelets are formed elements of blood. | Thrombocytes. |
| B Where does recycling of hemoglobin and what happens? | Occurs in macrophages of liver or spleen. Globin portion broken down into amino acids & recycled and heme portion split into iron (Fe+3) and biliverdin (green pigment). |
| B What is the fate of components of Heme (the iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin)? | Iron (Fe+3)transported in blood attached to transferrin protein, stored in liver, muscle or spleen. Biliverdin (green) converted to bilirubin (yellow) bilirubin secreted by liver into bile. |
| B What is the extrinsic pathway? | Blood clotting that happens in seconds. |
| B What is the intrinsic pathway? | Blood clotting that happens in minutes. |
| B What is the dissolution of clot? | fibrinolysis |
| B What is a clot formed in an unbroken blood vessel? | thrombosis (clot) |
| B What is a blood clot, air bubble, or fat from a broken bone that gets into the blood? | embolus |
| BV What is the systemic and pulmonary circulations? | Closed systems of vessels. |
| BV Carry blood from the heart? | Arteries. Elastic arteries (3rd layer, conduction, accept blood under pressure) Muscular arteries (2nd layer, distributing, increase and decrease lumen size). |
| BV What are the 3 major layers of the artery wall? | Tunica interna (simple squamous epithelium), tunica media (smooth muscle), tunica externa (elastic and collagen). |
| BV What other 2 are similar to arteries? | Arterioles, capillaries (site of exchange). |
| BV Carry blood back to the heart? | Veins. Same 3 tunics as arteries but have thinner tunica interna and media and a thicker tunica externa. (blood reservoir) |
| H How many miles does the heart pump? | 60,000 |
| H What is the mediastinum? | Where the heart is located, between the lungs. |
| H What is the pericardium? | Holds the heart in place. Fibrous (outer,dense irregular ct, protects the heart). Serous (membrane). |
| H What are the 3 layers of heart wall? | epicardium(visceral layer of serous peri) myocardium(cardiac muscle layer, bulk of heart) endocardium(chamber lining and valves) |
| H How many chambers does the heart have? | 4. 2 upper atria, 2 lower ventricles |
| H What is sulci? | grooves on surface of heart containing coronary blood vessels and fat |
| H Structure and function of right atria? | receives blood from 3 sources: superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. tricuspid valve: blood flows to right ventricle. |
| H Structure and function of right ventricle? | papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, interventricular septum, pulmonary semilunar: blood flows into pulmonary trunk. |
| H Structure and function of left atrium? | forms most base of heart, receives blood from lungs, bicuspid valve: blood pass thru into LV. |
| H Structure and function of left ventricle? | forms apex of heart, chordae tendineae anchor bicuspid valve to papillary muscles, aortic semilunar valve: blood pass thru into ascending aorta. |
| H Valves open and close in response to what? | pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes. |
| H AV valves open and allow blood to flow? | from atria into ventricles when ventricle pressure is lower than atrial pressure (ventricles are relaxed) |
| H SL valves open with ventricular contraction allowing blood to flow? | into pulmonary trunk and aorta. |
| H What do coronary arteries supply? | nutrition |
| H What are 2 specialized types of cardiovascular muscle cells? | contractile cells: mechanical work of pumping, 99% of CMC. autorhythmic cells: DONOT contract, initiate and conduct action potentials responsible for contraction of working cells. |
| H Conduction system of the heart? | coordinates contraction of heart muscle. SA node (in RA), AV node (in RA), AV bundle of his (in route to LV), R/L bundle branches, purkinje fibers. |
| H What is an EKG? | recording of electrical changes in each cardiac cycle (heartbeat) |
| H Atrial depolarization? | P wave |
| H Interval from atrial to ventricular excitation? | P to Q wave |
| H Ventricular depolarization? | QRS wave |
| H Ventricular repolarization? | T wave |
| H What is stroke volume? | 70mL SV=EDV-ESV |
| H What is normal BP? | 120/80 |
| H What is systole and diastole? | contraction (volume of blood in ventricle at the end of systole, 60mL) and relaxation (volume of blood in ventricle at the end of diastole, 130mL) |
| H Hypertension? | high BP (causes resistance to blood flow) |
| H Hypotension? | low BP |
| H Cardiac output? | CO=SV x HR |
| H Preload? | Frank-Starling Law, muscle is stretched, greater force of contraction, more blood=more force of contraction results. |
| H Contractility? | automonic nerves, hormones, Ca+2 or K+ levels |
| H Afterload? | amount of pressure created by blood in the way, high BP= high afterload |
| H What is the first heart sound? | lubb, closing of AV valves (loud) |
| H What is the second heart sound? | dupp, closing of semilunar valves |
| H Location of cardiovascular center? | medulla oblongata |
| I What are microscopic organisms? | microbes: parasites (live in or on living bodies), when they cause disease they are called pathogens. |
| I What is the first line of defense? | nonspecific external barriers: prevent microbes from entering body (skin and mucous membranes) |
| I What is the second line of defense? | nonspecific internal barriers: occurs when microbes breach NEB, broad internal responses to microbe infection (phagocytic WBC, inflammation, fever) |
| I What is the third line of defense? | specific immune response: immune cells selectively destroy specific invading microbes and toxins, invaders are remembered |
| I Something foreign? | antigens |
| I Proteins produced by B cells? | antibodies |
| I Helps body remember and fight off quicker infections and diseases? | vaccination |
| I What type of cells do AIDS viruses destroy? | WBC helper Tcells |
Created by:
Maisie
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