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Intro to Stat
Biology Lab Chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is statistics? | branch of mathematics that dal with using numbers to summarize and interpret data. |
| What are the two kinds of statistics? | Descriptive statistics (used to describe and summarize data) |
| What does descriptive statistics include? | Numbers that describe the typical or average measurement as well as numbers that describe how much the measurements vary from one to the next. Alone doesn't allow conclusion to be drawn from the data. |
| Inferential statistics on the other hands, are used to ... | precisely assist a researcher in drawing conclusions. Inferential statistics are often referred to a s statistical tests. |
| What are the steps for hypothesis testing? | 1. State a null hypothesis 2. Decide which statistical test to use 3. Select a level of significance 4. Collect the data 5. perform a statistical test 6. Report the results of the test and draw conclusions from it. |
| A statistical hypothesis is a statement... | about the relationship between particular parameters (e.g. Mean, variance, slope) of two or more populations of samples. |
| The two types of hypothesis | null hypothesis, states that there is no relation or difference, no effect or no correlation between data sets. The alternative hypothesis says that true differences, effects, relationships or whatever do exist between groups. |
| A non directional or two-tailed alternative hypothesis is.. | when the alternative hypothesis does not specify the direction of the differences between the groups. Two-tailed hypotheses are most applicable when one expects groups to differ but has reason to predict the difference to be in a particular direction. |
| A directional or one-tailed hypothesis implies no only is there a ... | connection, but that we can predict the direction of the difference. |
| The most common tests used in the class are.. | X^2 (Chi^2) and Mann-Whitney test |
| Before you conduct a test you have decide the level of risk that you are willing to accept, Rejecting H0 when its is true is called ----- - -----, and is represented by --. A Type II error is when one fails to reject the Ho when it is actually false this | Type I, represented by the Greek letter alpha. Type II is represented by the Greek letter Beta. |
| How do you reduce Type II errors? | May be reduced by increasing the sample, because less likely to find false connection. |
| How do you reduce type I errors? | Selectin an acceptable probability of making a Type I error also called the level of significance is generally done by convention, which are set as decimals, not percentages |
| Once you have calculated the correct test statistic you will use it to determine a ______, which his defied as the probability of committing a ______ _ ______. | p-value; type I error. This gives you the the probability of committing a Type I error that is associated with your particular dataset.. |
| Appendix D gives the left and right most columns showing the ______ __ ________, The numbers in the bulk of the table are called ______ ______, they are the potential values of the test statistic. | degree of freedom; critical numbers |
| Large p-value indicates that the data is compativle with __, and small p-value corresponds to __. If p> alpha, the risk of making a type ___ if we reject the null is too great so we accept the null. | Ho, Ha. I |
| Chi-squared test is used when.. | data is placed in discreet classes, allows you to compare the numbers you expect (Based on your null hypothesis) with the numbers that you observe in your experiment. Formula is Total sum of n, i=1 (oi-ei)^2 / ei |
| What are good reasons for furit flies to be used to study genetics? | Small, occupy little space, so large numbers can be maintained easily and inexpensively. Large enough for easy handling, observation and sex deremination. Prolific breeders, generation time is short, so lots of generations. |
| What is the wild-type phenotype? | Whichever phenotype is most common in a natural population. |
| Four distinct life cycles of the fruit fly are: | egg, larva, pupa and adult. |
| The development rate of fruit fly depends on | temperature |
| Eggs are... | ovoid in shape, extending from the anterior and dorsal side of thegg is a pair of stalks, that expand into spoon-like portions and prevent the egg from sinking into soft foodstuffs. Egg stage last a day. |
| Larvae stage... | white and segmented with black mouthparts. Lack eyes and appendages, eat their way throug htheir soft environment. Stage consist of three instars: 1st and 2nd terminate with molting, 3rd terminates with pupation. Last 4 days |
| Pupae develop within | the last larval cuticle, hardens and darkens to form a puparium.Undergo major metamorphasis during this stage, most larval structures lost and adult structures developed. Pupal stage last 4 days. |
| Adults emerge from the ... | puparium and elongated and ligh tin color, with 1-2 hr they attain their characterist shape, color and wings expand. Adults mate within 6-8 hr after emergence. Sperm are stored in the receptacles of the female, and are gradually released into the oviduct. |
Created by:
kccroy
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