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Evolution 2B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution (Basics) | generation-to-generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population that account for all of the changes that have transformed life over an immense time |
| Species (Basics) | distinct form of life |
| Genes (Basics) | unit of inherited information in DNA |
| Survival of the Fittest (Basics) | species with useful adaptations to the environment are more likely to survive and produce offspring than are those with less useful adaptations. |
| How can evolution refine existing adaptations? (15.2) | Over time, evolution is used as a source for ones species to adapt to their environment by existing conditions. |
| How was chitin modified to serve an additional function? (15.2) | As the sea animals colonized the land, the chitin already there adapted over time to increase water storage due to the hot weather. |
| How were flippers of penguins modified for a new function? (15.2) | Natural selection remodeled wings to suit the sea, to look for food as they adapted to the environment/get away from predators. |
| Embryology (15.2) | study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms |
| Fossil (14.2) | preserved remains or marking left by an organism that lived in the past |
| What is a fossil record? (14.2) | chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers |
| Basilosaurus fossils suggest that... (14.2) | Ancient whales evolved from ancestors with hind limbs |
| Geographic distribution (14.2) | The origin of new species is closely linked to Earth's changing geography and environmental conditions. |
| Homologous structures (14.2) | similar structure found in more than one species that share a common ancestor |
| Vestigial structures (14.2) | remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species |
| Similarities in development (embryological evidence) (14.2) | The embryos of various species are alike (Human,Bird,Pig,etc.) All mammals are related and descended, with modification, from a common ancestor. |
| DNA sequences and molecular evidence (14.2) | Are the records of an organism's ancestry (hereditary background). Compare the similarities between the amount of amino acids and such, giving reason to how related and how a diverse species are. |
| How do fossils form? (15.3) | minerals dissolved in groundwater seep into the tissues of a dead organism and replace its organic material. The plant or animal remains become petrified—they turn to stone. |
| Geologic time scale (15.3) | Earth's history organized into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic |
| Relative dating of fossils (15.3) | Dating fossils by the layer of sediments (the younger sediments are usually at the top while the older ones are at the bottom) |
| Radiometric dating of fossils (15.3) | determination of absolute ages of rocks and fossils through calculations based on a radioactive isotope's fixed rate of decay |
| Continental Drift (15.3) | motion of continents about Earth's surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle |
| Georges Buffon ideas (14.1) | Suggests that Earth might be much older than a few thousand years. He also observed that specific fossils and certain living animals were similar but not exactly alike. |
| Adaptation (14.1) | inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment |
| Jean Baptiste Lamarck ideas (14.1) | explained evolution as a process of adaptation. |
| Darwin's Observations aboard the HMS Beagle (14.1) | observed and collected thousands of specimens of South American plants and animals from diverse environments/ their adaptations from places as different as the Brazilian jungle, the grasslands of the pampas, and the frigid lands near Antarctica. |
| Charles Lyell ideas (14.1) | proposed that gradual and observable geologic processes such as erosion could explain the physical features of today's Earth. |
| Thomas Malthus ideas (14.1) | Populations can grow much faster than the rate at which supplies of food and other resources can be produced. |
| Descent with modification (14.1) | process by which descendants of ancestral organisms spread into various habitats and accumulate adaptations to diverse ways of life |
| Natural Selection (14.1) | process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals |
| Half-life () | time it takes for 50 percent of a radioactive isotope sample to decay |
| Pangaea () | All land masses brought together into one super-continent. (plate movement) |
| Inheritance of acquired characteristics (Lamarck) (14.1) | proposed that by using or not using certain body parts, an organism develops certain characteristics/thought that these enhanced characteristics would be passed on to the offspring. |
| Gene Pool(14.4) | all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population |
| What processes lead to genetic variation? (14.4) | Gene flow, Mutation, Founder and Bottleneck effects, |
| Frequency of alleles (14.4) | how often certain alleles occur in the gene pool. (usually represented as percentage) |
| Microevolution (14.4) | evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (14.4) | condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over |
| Genetic drift (14.4) | change in the gene pool of a population due to chance |
| Bottleneck effect (14.4) | the genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, to such an extent that the surviving population doesn't represent original pop (gene). |
| Founder effect (14.4) | the reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors. |
| Gene flow (14.4) | exchange of genes between populations |
| Mutation (14.4) | A change in an organism's DNA. This changes are passed down by gametes over the course of evolution. |
| How does natural selection lead to fitness? (14.4) | By sorting out the better adapted organisms from the others (natural selection)the better they will contribute to the next generation. |
| Explain Peter and Rosemary Grants study (14.4) | Influenced by Darwin, studied medium sized finches' beaks in the form of cracking large seeds during the dry times as examples of natural selection. |
| Figure 14-31 | Because of the dry environment causing the small seeds to be scarce, the birds with large beaks may be able to open and get the food to survive as opposed to the smaller beaks. |
Created by:
jambar2
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