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SLSBio12nervous Abby
SLS Bio12 Nervous Abby
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acetylcholine | A compound that occurs throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter. |
| Acetylcholinesterase | an enzyme that causes rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Its action serves to stop excitation of a nerve after transmission of an impulse |
| Action potential | the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell |
| Adrenal medulla | the medulla of the adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine |
| Adrenalin response | a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, esp. in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion. |
| Autonomic nervous system | the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes. |
| Axomembrane | Collection of axon and dendrites |
| All or none response | Phenomenom in which a muscle fiber contracts completely when exposed to a threshold stimulus, or not at all. |
| Axon | the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells. |
| Axoplasm | The cytoplasm of a nerve axon |
| Cell body | The soma, or perikaryon, or cyton, is the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus |
| Central nervous system | the complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body. In vertebrates it comprises the brain and spinal cord |
| Cerebellum | the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity. |
| Cerebrum | the principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure |
| Corpus callosum | a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain |
| Dendrites | a crystal or crystalline mass with a branching, treelike structure. |
| Depolarization | a loss of polarity or polarization |
| Effector | An a organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus |
| Excitatory neurotransmitter | Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse |
| Hypothalamus | a region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity |
| Impulse | A sudden strong and unreflective urge or desire to act |
| Inhibitory neurotransmitter | Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse |
| Interneuron | a neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, esp. as part of a reflex arc |
| Meninges | the three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord. |
| Motor neuron | a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland |
| Myelin sheath | medullary sheath: a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers |
| Neuron | a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell. |
| Neurotransmitter | a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure. |
| Node of ranvier | a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells |
| Norepinephrine | a hormone that is released by the adrenal medulla and by the sympathetic nerves and functions as a neurotransmitter. It is also used as a drug to raise blood pressure |
| Parasympathetic division | The parasympathetic nervous system is one of three main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other two being the sympathetic and enteric systems |
| Peripheral nervous system | the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord |
| Pituitary gland | the major endocrine gland. A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, the pituitary is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands. |
| Postsynaptic membrane | The part of the cell membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber with which an axon terminal forms a synapse |
| Potassium gate | Ion channel selective for potassium ion |
| Presynaptic membrane | The part of the cell membrane of an axon terminal that faces the cell membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synapse |
| Receptors | an organ or cell able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimulus and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve. |
| Reflex arc | the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between. |
| Refractory period | a period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation |
| Repolarization | In neuroscience, repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns the membrane potential to a negative value after the depolarization phase of an action potential has just previously changed the membrane potential to a positive value |
| Resting potential | the electrical potential of a neuron or other excitable cell relative to its surroundings when not stimulated or involved in passage of an impulse |
| Saltatory transmission | The saltatory conduction is a type of nerve impulse conduction that lets signals travel . |
| Schwann cell | (schwann cell) any cell that covers the nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system and forms the myelin sheath |
| Sensory neuron | a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord |
| Sodium gate | a voltage-gated protein channel selective for the passage of sodium ions. |
| Sodium potassium pump | Na+ /K+ -ATPase is an antiporter enzyme located in the plasma membrane of all animal cells. The Na+ /K+ -ATPase enzyme pumps sodium out of cells, while pumping potassium into cells |
| Somatic nervous cells | The somatic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles |
| Sympathetic division | sympathetic nervous system is one of three major parts of the autonomic nervous system: the others being the enteric and parasympathetic systems |
| Synapse | a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter. |
| Synaptic cleft | Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands |
| Synaptic ending | The somewhat enlarged, often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cells. |
| Synaptic vessels | In a neuron, synaptic vesicles store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. The release is regulated by a voltage-dependent calcium channel |
| Thalamus | either of two masses of gray matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle, relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception. |
| Threshold value | A relative fluorescent unit (RFU) value that must be exceeded to make an allele call. This value will vary among laboratories |
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