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Chapter 8
Microbio Exam 2
| Question or Term | Answer |
|---|---|
| Allele | a. two forms of a gene b. difference in base sequence between the same gene in different strains or organisms |
| Mutant | organism that contains a mutation |
| Mutagenesis | a. any process that increases the mutation agent above the spontaneou background b. 3 types of mutagenic agents: physical (UV or X rays), chemical (nitrosoguanidine), and biological (mobile genetic elements) |
| Mutagen | an agent that promotes mutagenesis |
| Sterilization | a. process in which all biological entities are either destroyed or removed from an object or habitat b. includes cells, viruses, toxins and spores c. both physical and chemical means for sterilization |
| Disinfection | a. killing, inhibition or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease (pathogen) from inanimate objects b. agents are usually chemical in nature |
| What is the difference between a disinfectant and a sterilant? | a. disinfectant does not kill all of the biological entities but the number of the pathogens are reduced to a very low level |
| Sanitization | a. reduction in the number of a population of microbes to a level that is considered acceptable by public health officials |
| What does sanitization involve? | involves cleaning and partial disinfection |
| Antisepsis | chemical agents that are applied to tissues to prevent infection by killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens |
| What is a important distinction between disinfectants and antiseptics? | a. antiseptics are used on tissues where as the disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects b. antiseptics must be milder and less toxic than disinfectants because of their application to tissues |
| What factors affect the efficiency of killing action of an antimicrobial agent? | 1. population size 2. population composition 3. concentration of an antimicrobial agent 4. duration of exposure 5. temperature |
| What are methods for sterilization? | 1.boil water 2. use of autoclave 3. radition --> Uv-irradtion, gamma-irradition 4. use of the gas ethylene oxide 5.filtartion |
| Why is it important to heat your food? | eliminate toxins like Staphylococcus enterotoxin or Clostridium botulinum toxin and spores |
| Pasteurization | a. reduces the number of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms b. preserves shelf life of food ex-milk |
| What is it harmful to refrigerate your food for a long time? | a. slows growth and prevents it b. examples - pychrophiles and psychrotrophs (Listeria monocytogens, Yersinia enterocolitica of psychrotrophs) c. bacteria can cause intestinal problems |
| How is freezing good? | a. preserves bacterial cells b. doesnt kill too much especially in the presence of glycerol |
| What are the classes of disinfectants and antiseptics? | 1. phenolics 2. alcohols 3.halogens 4. quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) |
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kdaniels9807
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