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LIFE 103- Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| about ___ species account for ___% calories of humanity | 25, 90%; also 4, 60% |
| Lysenko | believed that actions determined genetics; sent Vavilov to death |
| cryogenics | study of materials at cold temperature (<-150C) |
| cryobiology | the study of cold temperatures on living things |
| optimal solution for seed preservation | dry and cool them |
| orthodox seeds | low oil |
| recalcitrant seeds | high oil (tropical species) |
| biophysical decay of seeds | viable, reaches threshold, drops off quickly |
| ex situ preservation | seedbacks, zoos |
| in situ preservation | national preservations |
| Doomsday Vault | seedback in the arctic |
| Millennium Seedback Project | in FoCo-> try to capture every single seed from the temperate world |
| four traits of animals | multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, tissues from embryonic layers |
| blastula | hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage |
| gastrula | embryo has one end fold inward and layers of tissues form |
| ectoderm | becomes outer covering, sometimes CNS |
| endoderm | lines digestive tract, lungs and liver in vertebrates |
| mesoderm | forms muscles and most other organs |
| bilateral symmetry dividing plane | sagittal plane |
| pseudoceolomate | cavity surrounded by endo and mesoderm |
| ceolomate | cavity surrounded by mesoderm |
| protosome | mouth forms first |
| deuterosome | mouth forms second |
| blastopore becomes the | anus |
| are all deuterosomes triploblastic? | yes |
| are all protosomes diploblastic? | no |
| when did animals evolve? | ~675 million - 1 billion years ago |
| animals evolved from what? | choanoflagellates |
| how old is the earth? | 4.6 billion years |
| how old is life? | 3.8 billion years |
| neoproterozoic era | soft tissue/radial/colonial animals (when animals began) |
| paleozoic era | arthropods and chordates |
| cambrian explosion | almost all phyla of animals appeared |
| Burgess Shale Fauna | rich source of cambrian fossils |
| Charles Doolitte Walcott | found fossils of cambrian explosion in the Burgess Shale |
| mesozoic era | dinosaurs! |
| cenzoic era | (present); diversity of mammals |
| eumetazoa | animals w/ true tissues |
| cells that help sponges get food | flagellated choanocytes |
| sponge reproduction | sequential hermaphooditism; sperm released from other sponges flow into mesoderm |
| cnidaria stinging mechanism | cnidocyte= cells; nematocyst triggers and discharges |
| hydrozoans | portuguese man o' war |
| scyphozoans | jellies |
| cubozoans | most dangerous cnidaria; box shaped |
| anthozoan | sea anemones and corals |
| poisonous vs. venomous | poison= ingested venomous= stung |
| lophotrochozoans | highly diverse body forms; named for their locophore for feeding, pass through trochophore larval stage |
| platyhelminthes | parasitic; aceolomates |
| rotifera | first organism w/ alimentary canal (protosome) |
| class bdelloidea | rotifer; no males |
| rotifera reproduction | female produces egg; doesn't complete meiosis, produces new offspring |
| rotifer adaptations for survival | suspended animation; DNA incorporation |
| ectoprocta | colonial invertebrates; exoskeletons |
| brachiopoda | colonial invertebrates that resemble clams; marine habitat |
| three main body parts of mollusca | foot, mantle, radula |
| mantle of molluscs | creates visceral cavity and secretes the shell |
| class polyplacophora | mollusca; 8 plate shells; live in intertidal zone |
| class gastropoda | mollusca; snails; |
| torsion | gastropods, anus is near the head |
| banana slug sex | chew off each other's penises after they both become "moms" |
| class bivalvia | mollusca; two part shells; no radula |
| class cephalopoda | predatory mollusks; most don't have shells; closed circulatory system |
| chromatophoes | found on cephalopods for camouflage |
| annelida | segmented worms; ceolomates |
| class oligochaeta | earthworms |
| class polychaeta | annelida |
| hirudinea | annelida; leeches |
| nematoda | alimentary canal; no circulatory system |
| caenorhabditis elegans | most well-studied organism on earth (nematode) |
| trichanella | nematode found in pork |
| Biggest and most successful phylum on earth | arthropoda |
| Cuticle | the exoskeleton covering of arthropods made of chitin |
| Dessication | water loss |
| Circulatory system of arthropods | hemolymph (open) |
| Arthropod body plan | segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages |
| Subphylum cheliceriformes | spider-like things; horseshoe crabs |
| Arachnids | 6 pairs of appendages (four pairs of legs) |
| Chelicerae | modified appendages like fangs (found in arthropods) |
| Subphylym myriapoda | millipedes and centipedes (arthropods) |
| Millipedes/centipedes have how many legs per segment? | Millipedes= 2, centipedes= 1 |
| Subphylum hexapoda | 6-legged animals (very large group) |
| Incomplete metamorphosis | young looks like adult; final molt produces wings |
| Complete metamorphosis | specialized larval stage; larvae look different |
| Coleoptera (order of insects) | beetles |
| Diptera (order of insects) | flies and mosquitos |
| Hymenoptera (order of insects) | ants, bees, wasps |
| Orthoptera (order of insects) | grasshoppers, crickets, katydids |
| Isopods, decapods, and copepods are | subphylum crustacea |
| Phylum Echinodermata | sea stars, urchins, sea cucumbers |
| Notochord | longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive chord and nerve chord of chordates |
| Nerve cord development | from a plate of ectoderm |
| Pharyngeal clefts | grooves in the pharynx; for suspension-feeding, gas exchange, develop into ear, neck, head in tetrapods |
| Lancelets | bladelike-shaped animal in cephalochordata |
| Tunicates | marine suspension feeders (cephalochordata) |
| Craniates | active predation; partial (or full) skull, brain, eyes, (cephalochordata) |
| Neural crest | common to all craniates; a collection of cells on the closing neural tube of an embryo |
| Myxini | least derived craniate; have skull but no jaws or vertebrae |
| Oldest living lineage of vertebrates | lampreys |
| Gnathostomes | vertebrates with jaws |
| Lateral line system | found in aquatic gnathostomes; sensitive to vibrations |
| Chondrichthyes | have a cartilaginous skeleton (sharks, rays, skates) |
| Oviparous | eggs hatch outside of mother’s body |
| Ovoiviparous | embryo develops and is nourished by egg yolk |
| Viviparous | embryo develops w/in the uterus and is nourished from a yolk sac placenta from mother’s blood (not same blood flow as real placenta) |
| Osteichthyes | bony fish and tetrapods |
| Class sarcoptergii | lobe-fin fish; transitional animals |
| Order urodela | amphibian; had tail |
| Order anura | amphibian (frogs and toads); no tail |
| Order apoda | amphibians without legs |
| Causes of amphibian decline | fungus; habitat loss; trematodes; pollution/climate change |
| Amniotes | tetrapods with an amniotic egg; impermeable skin; diaphragm for respiration |
| Reptilia | birds, turtles, snakes; have scales & lay eggs |
| Birds are what type of reptile? | Archosaurs |
| Bird adaptations | no bladder, one ovary, keratin feathers |
| Monotremes | platypus |
| Eutherians | longer embryonic development than marsupials ☺ |
| Study of human origins | paleoanthropology |
| When did humans originate? | Africa 6-7 MYA |
| Closest primates to humans | chimpanzees |
| evolutionary convergence | different species' adaptations to a similar environmental challenge (wolverine and tasmanian devil) |
| why can't insects be large? | not enough oxygen, too heavy to fly, smash self w/ exoskeleton |
| interstitial fluid | allows for the movement of material into and out of cells |
| 4 types of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| 3 types of epithelial cell arrangement | simple, stratified, pseudostratified |
| 3 types of epithelial cells | cuboidal, columnar, squamous |
| reticular connective tissue | join connective tissue to adjacent tissues |
| three types of connective tissue | collagenous, elastic, reticular |
| fibroblasts | secrete the protein of extracellular fibers |
| regulator | moderates internal change during environmental flunctuation |
| conformer | allows internal condition to vary based on outside conditions |
| poikilotherm | temperature varies w/ environment |
| homeotherm | internal temperature is relatively constant |
| 4 methods of heat exchange | radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation |
| circulatory adaptations | vasodilation and vasoconstriction |
| alcohol is a _____ | vasodilator (get colder if you drink it) |
| countercurrent exchange | transfer of heat b/w veins and arteries flowing in different directions |
| surface area to volume ratio | SA increases as square; volume increases as cube (ratio goes down as size increases) |
| hypothalamus | controls thermoregulation |
| standard metabolic rate | the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature |
| torpor | a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases |
| hibernation | long-term torpor |
| detrivores | consume dead organic material |
| extracellular digestion | breakdown of food particles outside of cells |
| trace minerals | less than 200 mg per day |
| undernourishment | the result of a diet that consistently supplies less chemical energy than the body requires |
| malnourished | the long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients |
| suspension feeders | sift small food particles from the water |
| substrate feeders | animals that live in or on their food source |
| fluid feeders | suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host |
| sanguitovores | blood feeders |
| bulk feeders | eat relatively large pieces of food more rarely |
| parietal cells | secrete HCl |
| chief cells | secrete pepsinogen |
| appendix | very minor role in immunity |
| innate immunity | found in all animals |
| acquired immunity | only found in vertebrates |
| first line of immune defense in invertebrates | chitin exoskeleton |
| invertebrate immunity | hemocytes that digest foreign bodies; recognition proteins that bind to specific molecules on walls of fungi/bacteria (Toll protein) |
| neutrophils | engulf and destroy microbes |
| eosinophils | discharge destructive enzymes |
| dendritic cells | stimulate development of acquired immunity |
| inflammation | mast cells release histamine |
| B and T cells | antigen receptors |
| humoral immunity | B cells secreting antibodes |
| cellular immunity | T-killer cells |
| neutralization | when a pathogen can no longer infect a host b/c it's bound to an antibody |
| opsonization | when antibodies bound to antigens increase phagocytosis |
| ligaments | bones to bones |
| tendons | muscles to bones |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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