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Human Geography ch8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Undernourished | – Diet doesn’t provide the 2,200 kcal per day needed for a healthy life (receiving less then 90% of your daily caloric needs) |
| Poverty | •Most common cause of undernutrition and malnutrition •More common in rural areas •Difficult problem to solve |
| Famines | Periods of time characterized by: •Large-scale food shortages •Massive starvation •Social disruption •Economic chaos |
| Malnourishment | – A shortage of nutrients the body needs; occurs when a person fails to obtain a complete complement of vitamins and minerals |
| Marasmus | – Calorie & protein deficiency |
| Goiter | – Iodine deficiency |
| Anemia | – Iron deficiency (low red blood cells); most common nutritional problem in the world (2 billion people – over 30% of the world’s population – are anemic) |
| •Feedlots (factory farms) | = also called Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs); Large-scale animal confinement raises social & environmental questions |
| Industrialized Agriculture | •Modern agricultural methods •Developed countries •Inputs •Capital •Energy •Chemicals •High yields |
| Subsistence Agriculture | •Traditional agricultural methods •Developing countries •Food for family •Inputs •Labor •Land |
| Shifting Cultivation | •Subsistence agriculture •Grow crops, then leave land alone •Slash-and-burn agriculture •Clear forest •Grow crops •Soil loses productivity quickly •Supports small populations |
| Nomadic Herding | •Subsistence agriculture •Land not suitable for crops •Livestock continually move |
| •Pest – | any organism that damages crops that are valuable to us |
| •Weed - | Any plant that competes with our crops (A plant growing where you don’t want it!) |
| •Three main crops | – wheat, rice, maize (produce more than ½ of world’s food. Estimated up to half current crop yields might be lost in the absence of pesticides. |
| •Many countries have food surplus | ; farmers are paid billions not to grow food |
| •Meat & Dairy | are important protein sources; consumption has quadrupled in past 40 years |
| Pesticides | = poisons that target pest organisms |
| Insecticides | = target insects; |
| Herbicides | = target plants, |
| Fungicides | = target fungi |
| •Of the thousands of edible plants & animals in the world, only about | 43 make up all humans eat |
| .Perfect pesticide | .Narrow-spectrum .Kills only intended organism .Breaks down rapidly .Stays where applied .Doesn’t exist! |
| .Broad-spectrum | .Kills variety of organisms .Many used today |
| Pesticides | Up to 90% of all pesticides never reach target organisms. |
| •Food and health | •Undernutrition •Malnutrition •Famine •Food security •Food sovereignty |
| Almost one in seven people worldwide is | chronically undernourished. |
| Food Production Has Increased? | (by over two-and-a-half times in the past four decades, growing at a faster rate than world population) |
| Why, if there is so much food, why do 1 in 7 of us go hungry? | Primary cause: Political disruption and war Other causes: drought, insects, natural disasters |
| Countries at Risk1 | •Still, about 925 million people don’t have enough to eat (Although fewer people are hungry today then in 1970) |
| Countries at Risk2 | •Scientists and Policy makers pursue a goal of food security (“the guarantee of adequate and reliable food supply to all people at all times”) |
| Countries at Risk3 | •The contribution of fish to global diets has reached a record of about 17 kg per person on average, supplying over 3 billion people with at least 15% of their average animal protein intake |
| Nomadic herding | as a way of life is declining because of natural disasters such as droughts, loss of land area due to development and degradation, and pressure from governments to lead a settled existence. |
| Food Production Has Increased? | •New cropland or more efficient use of cropland •Improved crop varieties •More available fertilizers •Better transport of food from surplus regions to poor regions `` |
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