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UWORLD2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Unique to DUODENUM this glands secrete alkaline mucus | Brunner´s glands (submucosa) |
| Lymphoid aggregates specific to the ILEUM | Peyer´s patches |
| Mucormicosis is seen mostly in | Diabetic ketoacidotics and leukemic patients (immunocompromised) |
| Irregular, broad, nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles (90º) | Mucor |
| Rhinocerebral, frontal lobe abscesses, headache, facial pain, blacknecrotic eschar on face | Mucormicosis |
| Treatment for mucormicosis | Amphotericin B |
| Blotting procedures | Southern: DNA Northern: RNA Western: Protein Southwestern: DNA-binding protein |
| Process where the eons of a gene are reconnected in multiple ways during post-translational processing, creating different mRNA sequences resulting in diverse protein isoforms | Alternative splicing |
| Process in eukaryotes that greatly increases biodiversity of proteins encoded by the genome | Alternative splicing |
| Procedure used to detect specific mRNA sequences in a sample to assess for gene expression | Northern blot |
| Treatment for Wilson´s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) | Penicillamine (chelation agent) |
| Used to treat lead poisoning | Dimercaprol + EDTA |
| Iron-chelating agent used to treat Hemochromatosis | Deferoxamine |
| Mediates pain | Bradykinin |
| PUS | IL-8 |
| Anti-inflammatory cytokines (inhibit inflammation) | TGF-beta, IL-10 |
| Pro-inflammatory cytokines | IL-1, IL-4. IL-5, IL-12 |
| Treatment of acetaminophen toxicity | N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) |
| Cluster C personality disorders have a genetic association to | Anxiety disorders |
| Cluster C personality disorders | 1) Avoidant 2)Obsessive-compulsive 3)Dependent |
| Hypersensitive to rejection, socially inhibited, timid, feelings of inadequacy, desires relationships with others (vs. Schizoid) | Avoidant (Cluster C personality disorder) |
| Instructions given by a patient in anticipation of the need for a medical decision | Advance directives |
| Its BEST discussed during outpatient visits by 1º care provider. MUST be readdressed during admission process so entire medical staff can adhere to patients stablished wishes | Advance directives |
| Murmur peaks intensity after closure of incompetent aortic valve, at the point when pressure gradient between aorta and left ventricle is at´s it maximum | Early diastolic murmur; Aortic Regurgitation |
| High pitched ¨blowing¨early diastolic descrecendo murmur best heard at left sternal border with patient sits up and leans forward (end of expiration) | Aortic Regurgitation |
| Best heard at left sternal border with patient sits up and leans forward (end of expiration) | Aortic Regurgitation |
| Hypoxia caused by COPD can stimulate cortical cells of the kidney to produce | Erythropoietin |
| Relative risk reduction (RRR) | RRR=(AR control-AR treatment)/AR control |
| Proportion of risk reduction attributable to the intervention as compared to a control | Relative risk reduction (RRR); 1-RR |
| Acute lung transplant can have long term effect on | Small airways (Bronchiolitis obliterans) |
| In methionine synthase deficiency (homocystinuria) which amino acid becomes ESSENTIAL | Cysteine |
| Rb | Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma |
| White pupillary reflex (leukocoria) in children <5 years old | Retinoblastoma |
| The Rb gene is a | Tumor supressor (anti-oncogene)--> Inhibits E2F; blocks G1-->S phase |
| Methylmalonic acid is converted to succinyl-CoA by | Isomerization |
| CREST | Calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, Esophageal dysmotility, Sclerodactyly and Telangectasia |
| Loss of sensation of 5th digit of the hand | Ulnar (C8-T1) nerve lesion |
| Diagnosis of mucormycosis | Mucosal biopsy |
| Irregular, broad, nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles; 90º | Mucor |
| Gram +, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli | Clostridia |
| Toxin prevents release of stimulatory ACh signals at neuromuscular junctions | Botulinum toxin (exotoxin) |
| Botulinum toxin injections are used for | Dystonias, facial wrinkles, relax LES in achalasia, muscle spasm, etc |
| Treatment of MRSA | Vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid |
| MOA of daptomycin | Depolarization of cellular membrane |
| Most common ectopic thyroid tissue site is the | Tongue |
| Lingual thyroid is a | Failure of migration |
| MEN 1 B | 3 P´s: Pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas |
| 2 most serious electrolyte imbalances caused by amphotericin B | Hypokalemia, hypomagnasemia |
| P-glycoprotein also known as | Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) |
| P-glycoprotein is a transmembrane protein that functions as an | ATP-dependent efflux pump |
| Is expressed by some cancer cells and is associated to decreased responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapeutic agents | P-glycoprotein; Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) |
| MOA of carbamazepine | Increase Na+ channel activation; decrease Na+ current in cortical neurons |
| 1st line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia | Carbamazepine |
| Common cause of increased creatine kinase levels due to hypothyroid myopathy. Sometimes can be the 1º manifestation | Hypothyroidism |
| Common causes of INCREASED creatine kinase | 1)Autoimmune (Polyomyositis/Dermatomyositis) 2)HMG CoA reductase inhibitors 3)Muscular dystrophies (Duchenne´s, etc) |
| Cystic cavity (syrinx) within spinal cord, most commonly at C8-T1 | Syringomyelia |
| ¨Cape-like¨bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities | Syringomyelia (destruction of anterior white commisure; 2nd order neuron) |
| Syringomyelia is commonly seen with | Chiari I malformation |
| Most common cause of INTRINSIC renal failure | Acute tubular necrosis |
| In acute tubular necrosis, DEATH most often occurs during | INITIAL oliguric phase |
| Key finding in acute tubular necrosis | Granular ¨muddy brown¨casts |
| Granular ¨muddy brown¨casts | Acute tubular necrosis |
| 1 stage of acute tubular necrosis | 1)Inciting event |
| 2 stage of acute tubular necrosis | 2)Maintenance: oliguric, lasts 1-3 weeks, risk of HYPERkalemia, metabolic acidosis |
| 3 stage of acute tubular necrosis | 3)Recovery: polyuric; BUN+creatinine fall; risk of HYPOkalemia |
| Acute tubular necrosis can be caused by | Ischemic (most common) or nephrotoxic injury |
| Acute tubular necrosis caused by Ischemia is 2º to | Decreased renal blood flow |
| Are highly susceptible to injury caused by ischemia in acute tubular necrosis | Proximal tubule+ Thick ascending limb |
| Is particularly susceptible to injury caused by nephrotoxic substances that result in acute tubular necrosis | Proximal tubule |
| Hypertriglyceridemia >1000mg/dL | Acute pancreatitis |
| Cause of death in Friedreich ataxia | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| The only bacterium with a polypeptide capsule (D-glutamate) | Anthrax |
| Inhalation os spores from contaminated wool, sheeps, goat hair | Woolsorter´s disease |
Created by:
heidy39
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