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Bio Lab Test 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell | all living organisms are composed of cells |
| cell theory | 1. all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells 2. cell is the basic living unit of organization 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells |
| plasma membrane | defines the boundary of the living material |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, stores genetic info |
| cytoplasm | everything inside plasma membrane that is not part of DNA region |
| ribosomes | electron-dense particles that give cytoplasm its granular appearance |
| nucleoid | in prokaryotic cells, contains DNA |
| cytoplasmic streaming | movement of cytoplasm that carries nutrients, proteins, organelles throughout the cell |
| central vacuole | stores and sequesters toxic substances |
| chloroplasts | absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 and H2O |
| physarum polycephalum | absorbs food by engulfing particles and digesting them within organelles called food vacuoles, is multinucleate |
| gel state | outer portion of cytoplasm looks solid |
| sol state | when granules closer to interior of cytoplasm are in motion |
| solvent | substance being dissolved into, H2O- most important solvent in life processes |
| solute | substance being dissolved, ex. salts, sugar |
| solution | combination of solvent and solute |
| selectively permeable | allows some substances to move easily while excluding others |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of H2O |
| concentration gradient | difference of concentration of like molecules, diffusion and osmosis take place down the concentration gradient |
| equilibrium | equal distribution of solvent and solute |
| turgor pressure | in plant cell, when H2O moves into cell and presses cytoplasm against wall |
| turgid | in plant cell, full of water |
| plasmolysis | plant cell losing water |
| tonicity | one solution's solute concentration compared to that of another solution |
| hypotonic | lower concentration of solute, more H2O |
| hypertonic | higher concentration of solute, less H2O |
| isotonic | equal amounts of solute and H2O |
| enzymes | proteins that function as biological catalysts |
| catalyst | substance that lowers the amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to proceed |
| activation energy free energy of activation | amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start |
| substrate | the reactant on which the enzyme works |
| enzyme-substrate complex | the temporary combination of substrate with enzyme molecules |
| products | what is made from enzyme-substrate complex |
| active site | special region of enzyme where substrate binds |
| denatured | when enzyme's structure is changed sufficiently to destroy its function |
| cofactor | nonprotein organic molecules and metal ions that are part of the structure of the active site, making the formation of the enzyme-substrate possible |
| metabolism | mechanisms to gather, store, and use energy |
| respiration | the process by which stored energy is released to the cell |
| aerobic respiration | catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using O2 as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP |
| aerobic respiration | most efficient catabolic pathway, carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms |
| alcoholic fermentation | glycolysis is followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2 |
| alcoholic fermentation | an ethanol producing process occurring in some yeasts, only 2% efficient |
| efficiency | the amount of energy captured in the form of ATP relative to the amount available within the bonds of carbohydrate |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, universal energy currency of cell, energy contained in bonds of carbohydrate is transferred to ATP during respiration |
| glycolysis occurs | in cytoplasm |
| electron transfer phosphorylation occurs | on cristae |
| KREB cycle occurs | in matrix |
| ETC occurs | in inner membrane |
| What produces ATP | mitochondrion |
Created by:
hollypresley16
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