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Chpt. 15,16,17,18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the special senses? | Olfaction, Taste, Visual System, Hearing, Balance |
| Which special sense has neurons that interact directly with the external environment? | Olfactory |
| Odor molecules we most readily perceive are | Water soluble |
| What type of epithelial cell is found in olfactory tissue? | Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar |
| What type of receptor does an odorant bind to | G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) |
| What is the only major sense that does not go through the thalamus? | Olfactory |
| What are the 4 types of papillae and where are they found? | Filiform, Vallate, Fungiform, Foliate |
| Which of the papillae have the most sensitive taste buds? | Foliate |
| True or false? Heredity influences whether one is a, “supertaster” or not. True | True |
| What other characteristics affect perception of taste? | In addition to genetics (heredity), temperature, texture, culture, and age, can all affect one’s perception of taste. |
| What are the cranial nerves involved in taste? | CNVII (Facial) - anterior 2/3 of tongue, CNIX (Glossopharyngeal) - posterior 1/3 of tongue, and CNX (Vagus)- superior pharynx and epiglottis. |
| If a contact slips in your eye, why doesn’t it become lost in the back of your eye? | The conjunctiva forms an envelope with the back of the eyelid. This prevents foreign objects from entering the body and further. |
| . True or false? The chemical make-up of tears can differ depending on the nature of the tears | True |
| Name the 3 tunics and what comprises them? | Fibrous Tunic: Sclera, Cornea. Vascular Tunic: Blood Vessels, Iris, Ciliary Body, Choroid. Nervous Tunic: Pigmented Retina, 3 layered Sensory Retina (Ganglionic, Bipolar, and Photoreceptor) |
| Sclera | Protects and maintains shape of eye. |
| Cornea | Transparent outer portion of fibrous tunic, thereby allowing light to enter; bends and refracts light. |
| Iris | Controls light entering pupil; reacts to ANS signals. |
| Ciliary body | Produces aqueous humor. |
| Ciliary process | Holds lens in place |
| Pigmented retina | Protects from excessive light |
| Sensory retina | Layer of cells directly stimulated by light |
| Anterior compartment | Maintains intraocular pressure, provides nutrients to structures |
| Posterior chamber | Maintains intraocular pressure, maintains placement of lens and retina, refracts light. |
| What is a genetic condition that affects the pigmented retina? An age related condition? | Albinism, Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) |
| What are the three layers of the sensory retina? | Ganglion, Bipolar, Photoreceptor (rods and Cones) |
| Which type of photoreceptor is missing from the fovea centralis | Rods |
| Compare and contrast the Nervous System and Endocrine System. | NS: Neurotransmitters, short distance (synaptic gap), fast onset ES: Hormones, long distance (circulatory system), slow onset |
| True or False? Endocrine glands are ductless. | true |
| What is the molecule from which steroid hormones are derived? | Cholesterol |
| Describe the embryonic development of the endocrine system. | Infundibulum and posterior pituitary develop from neural tube (derived from ectoderm). Anterior pituitary pinches off from phrarynx (also from ectoderm) to merge with posterior. |
| Pituitary location | Sella turcica of sphenoid bone |
| Pineal location | Epithalamus |
| Thyroid location | Lateral and anterior to trachea |
| Parathyroid location | Embedded in posterior of thyroid |
| Adrenals location | Superior to kidney |
| Pancreas location | Inferior and between stomach and duodenum |
| Gonads location | Testes-scrotum, Ovaries- held by broad ligament to uterus |
| Hypothalamus location | Superior to pituitary gland |
| How is the sensitivity of a target cell regulated? | By increasing or decreasing number of receptors on the plasma membrane. This is termed up-regulation and down-regulation, respectively. |
| Name and describe example of a negative feedback loop and a positive feedback loop. | Negative- Blood glucose low, glucagon goes up Positive- Blood glucose high, insulin production goes up. |
| What are the target cells of prostaglandins? | Examples include smooth muscle, brain, kidneys, platelets, etc. |
| Pituitary structure, hormones | a) Kidney shaped, held by infundibulum. Comprised of nervous tissue (posterior) and endocrine (anterior). b) Anterior: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, MSH Posterior: ADH, OT (Oxytocin) |
| Pineal structure, hormones | a) Small pea sized gland. b) Melatonin |
| Thyroid structure, hormones | a) Two lobes b) T3, T4, Calcitonin |
| Parathyroid structure, hormones | a) 4 pea sized glands embedded in thyroid b) PTH |
| Adrenals structure, hormones | a) Pyramid shaped. Contains two regions; medulla and cortex. Cortex, further divided into three regions b) Medulla: Epinephrine, noriepinephrine Cortex: Z.G.- Aldosterone, Z.F.- Cortisol, Z.R.- Androgens (testosterone) |
| Pancreas structure, hormones | a) Mixed endocrine and exocrine glans; acinar cells, Islets of Langerhans. b) Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin |
| Gonads structure, hormones | a) Testes- scrotum; Ovaries- held by broad ligament to uterus. b) Testes- Testosterone; Ovaries; Estrogen, Progesterone |
| Hypothalamus structure, hormones | a) Almond shaped ventral portion of diencephalon. b) GHRH, GHIH, TRH |
| Steroids structure, hormones | a)Lipid soluble. Derived from cholesterol. B) Cortisol Aldosterone Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone |
| Proteins structure, hormones | a) Tertiary structures made from long chains of amino acids. B) GH PTH Calcitonin Prolactin ACTH Insulin |
| Peptides structure, hormones | a) Short linear chains of amino acids. B) ADH OT MSH Somatostatin, TRH TSH GnRH FSH LH |
| Amino Acids structure, hormones | a) Derived from single amino acids. B) Noriepinephrine Epinephrone Melatonin, T3 T4 |
| Describe signal pathway steroid | Pass through plasma membrane, bind to a intra-cellular receptor |
| Describe signal pathway GPCRs and Calcium Ion Channels | α subunit and GTP bind to Ca+ channel, and channel opens. GTP is dephosphorylated to GDP, and α subunit is released from channel. Channel closes. |
| Describe signal pathway GPCRs and Adenylate Cyclase | α subunit binds to and activates adenylate cyclase. This enzyme now converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP activates protein kinase resulting in signal cascade. |
| Describe signal pathway Nuclear Receptor | Lipid soluble molecule binds to a nuclear receptor in the cytoplasm. Then enters nucleus, zinc-fingers recognize and bind to DNA sequences, which initiates transcription |
Created by:
Khuller
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