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Genetics continued
Topics 4 and 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is meiosis a reduction division? | Meiosis 1 is a reduction division because it results in a reduction of chromosomes as they go from diploid to haploid states |
| What are the stages of meiosis? | Meiosis 1 includes: Interphase, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1. Meiosis 2 includes: prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, and telophase 2 |
| What is crossing over and what stage of meiosis does this occur in? | Crossing over occurs in Prophase 1 when homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange DNA between non-sister chromatids |
| How is a chiasma formed? | The point when two homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange DNA between non-sister chromatids at the same loci |
| How does crossing over result in an exchange of alleles? | When they cross over the homologous chromosomes exchange DNA |
| What is the end product of meiosis? | 4 haploid cells with non-duplicated DNA and 4 sex cells with genetic variation compared to paternal DNA |
| Which two phases of meiosis create the most genetic variation in offspring? Why? | Prophase 1 and Metaphase 1 because they cross over and exchange DNA in Prophase 1 and then the chromosomes line up randomly at the equator in Metaphase 1 |
| What is Mendel's Law of Individual Assortment? | Allele pairs separate independently during the gamete formation which means that the passing on of traits to offspring is individual (this results in genetic variation) |
| How does Mendel's Law of independent assortment relate to meiosis? | In Metaphase 1, Mendel's Law occurs and creates genetic variation by having the homologous chromosomes line up randomly at the equator |
| How does non-disjunction cause Down-syndrome? | Down syndrome is caused when a person has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. Non-disjunction means that there is an extra chromosome 21 |
| Define trisomy 21 and the condition it causes | Trisomy 21 is when an individual has three chromosome 21's. It causes down-syndrome |
| How are chromosomes arranged in a karyotype | Each chromosome is paired with it's homologous partner and then the pairs line up from 1-22 from biggest to smallest and X/Y are at the end |
| What is the purpose of conducting a karyotype | Karyotypes are done for mothers with risk factors such as being over the age of 35 or to determine if the baby will be born with a disability or disease |
| What are two ways cells are collected for a karyotype | cells can be collected through a blood sample taken from a vein or during pregnancy it may also be done on a sample of amniotic fluid. Cells are collected through chorionic villus sampling or amnicentesis |
| How would you determine if non-disjunction occurred when analyzing a karyotype | There would be either too many chromosomes or too few chromosomes meaning that there was a problem when Meiosis occurred. |
Created by:
MadelineCarlman
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