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Mar 222
Test 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Coastal Plain Estuaries | broad, shallow, embayments |
| Drowned River Estuaries | caused by rising sea levels; constantly modified by erosion |
| Bar-built estuaries | Near-shore sand and mud moved by coastal wave action to build an obstruction or bar, e.g., Gulf of Mexico, Restricted mouths to fan-shaped deltas, Fjords deeper upstream; sills at mouth may lead to stagnant conditions in the bottom of deep fjords |
| Barrier-Beach Estuary | Pamlico Sound, NC |
| Tectonic Estuary | San Francisco Bay |
| Salinity Fluctuations | Tidal Factors, coriolis effect, seasonal, salinity in sediment changes very little |
| Circulation | Salinity may increase from the surface on down, salt water is denser than fresh water |
| Temperature | Smaller bodies of water are more subject to change |
| Substrate/ turbidity | erosion and life history of the river determine sediments |
| Oxygen levels | Mixing of river input, tidal factors, wind and shallow depth = well oxygenated water, Sediments low in oxygen |
| Freshwater | below 5 ppt |
| Stenohaline | above 25 ppt |
| Euryhaline | tolerate 15-30 ppt with some as low as 5 ppt, Brackish water species – Nereis diversicolor, oysters, clams, gastropods, crabs, shrimp, Can be limited by both physical factors and biological factors |
| Transitional Organisms | organisms who move through the estuary during their life cycle |
| Species Diversity | tends to be very low |
| Flora | have same limitations as fauna, |
| Algae | in marine component, but often limited because of soft sediment – no attachment sites |
| Seagrass | Lower estuary (mostly marine) see seagrasses (Zostera, Thalassia, etc) |
| Biomass is dominated by? | - Salt marshes in temperate latitudes (Spartina, Salicornia) - Mangal in tropical latitudes (Avicennia, Rhizophora) |
| Plankton | - Also reduced in number of species – Dominated by diatoms and dinoflagellates – High turbidity at different times of year causes cycling in the dominant species |
| Benthic salinity adaptations | must be able to tolerate changes in salinity and internal osmotic pressure |
| Benthic organisms in estuaries are derived from what form? | usually the marine form |
| Adaptationqs | some close their shells, then performing anaerobic respiration other bury into the mud |
| osmotic conformers | tunicates and anemones |
| osmoregulators | many crustaceans |
| Steno vs Euryhaline ratio | most are stenohaline, few euryhaline |
| Estuarine Communities | mudflats/ soft sediment, channel, wetlands |
| Mudflats/ soft sediment communites | exposed at low tides |
| Channel | always under water |
| Wetlands | highest elevation - covered at high tide - dense plant communities – Tropical wetlands: mangal forests – Temperate wetlands: salt marshes |
| Mangrove Forest | Found on sheltered coastlines, river mouths and flat coasts |
| Influences on Mangrove Forests | the tides |
| Where do Mangrove Forests thrive? | near the mouth of large rivers where river deltas provide lots of sediment (sand and mud) |
| What do they help to create? | They create new land by trapping sediment that would have otherwise gone out to sea |
| Where are they found? | Indonesia, Brazil, and Australia top three countries |
| Atlantic Coast Mangrove locatoins | Flordia down to Argentina |
| Africa mangrove distribution | both east and west coast |
| Other areas of mangrove distribution | Stretch into India, Burma and south-east Asia, Also common in New Zealand and Australia |
| Mangrove hammocks | Mangrove islands occur along inland coastal areas of land, These mangrove islands are known as hammocks and form tear shape patterns parallel to the flow of water and to the coast. |
| Tidal creeks | Mangroves also run inland along tidal creeks, Not found in areas of pure fresh water – must be some salt |
| Mangrove competitive edge | salinity tolerance, have no competition from other vascular plants or macroalgae |
| Mangrove Taxonomic groups | white, black, and red mangroves; 16 families, 20 genera, 54 species most in the Indo-Pacific |
| Mangrove Zonation Dimensions | Both horizontal and vertical zonation |
| Horizontal Zonation | -Specific distribution from land to sea – Determined by the ability of different species to deal with salt and inundation by water – Greater range of species and more clear zonation with greater tidal range |
| Vertical Zonation | Stratification also due to tidal factors and the ability to deal with water exposure |
| Root System Adaptations to anoxic soil | create new soil by planting their roots & catching mud and debris with them,Trunk & leaves must be above the water line,must also be firmly attached to the ground,parts of root appears above the water line channel oxygen to the rest of the plant |
| Effects of mud/ debris collection | can extend the coastline, rates of sedimentation can exceed 200m/yr |
| Types of roots which help attachment | 1. Support roots which directly pierce the soil 2. Level-growing roots which twist upward and downwards, with the upward twists emerging on the water surface 3. Level-growing roots whose downward twists (sub-roots) appear on the water surface. |
| Effects of oxygen channeling to below water level in roots | Over time as soil begins to build up, these roots produce additional special roots that become embedded in the soil. |
| Contributing factors to anoxic soil | water 20X less O2 than air, soil microbes reduce further causing chemical shifts, mangroves have modified roots because of this |
| Mangrove roots obtain oxygen thru | lenticels and chloroplasts |
| Lenticels | pores on above water root structures to let air into gas system of plant |
| Chloroplasts | below water but high light areas can meet some O2 needs through photosynthesis |
| Halophytes | salt tolerant plants |
| Mechanism in mangroves for dealing with salt | - Exclusion of salt by roots – High tolerance of salt in tissues – Salt secretion |
| Salt Glands | located in leaves allowing for secretion of salt |
| Driving forces in pollination | Wind and Vector driven (animals) |
| Mangrove Fruit | many bear fruit that germinates while still on the tree |
| Mangrove young dispersal | All by water, low-tide they go right into the mud, high-tide they disperse further and grow slower until they attach somewhere |
| Precocious Germination in mangroves | produce offspring "ready to go" (vivipary), leave the parent like a small plany |
| Unnatural Destructive Forces/ Actions on Mangrove Forests | timber, unsustainable shrimp farming in 80s, human engineering such as dikes, flooded by humans in an attempt to control mosquito population, dredging, filling, and development of waterfront property |
| Natural Destructive Forces on Mangroves | hurricanes causes larger waves which deposit salt in higher concentrations on their leaves, red mangroves can handle salt water and anaerobic soil but cannot tolerate the salt on their leaves |
| Physical Stresses on Salt Marshes | Flooding and Salinity |
| Salt Marsh Flooding | Decomposition in waterlogged soils - Loss of O2 and increase in toxic sulfides |
| Salt Marsh Salinity stressors | angiosperms low salinity tolerance, seeds+seedlings most vulnerabl |
| Lower limit of a species | set by physical stresses |
| upper limit of a species | set by competition |
| Ice effects on salt marshes | - Winter ice can severely erode marsh soils - Limits development of low marsh in high latitude areas - Uplift and rafting of marsh sediments and plants |
| Wrack | Burial of high marsh by rafts of cordgrass |
| Other disturbances | Foraging by birds, nutria, large mammals, fire and sedimentation |
| Osmotic effects of the salts | salt retains water, so as salt concentration increases, water becomes less and less accessible |
| Halophytes achieve this by | accumulation of salt(KCl, NaCl, Na2SO4) in the cell sap |
| Salt tolerance | results from ions taken into the cell that are non-uniformly compartmentalized. Most plants store salt in the vacuole, leaving the cytoplasm relatively low in salt |
| Salt regulation | critical because salts will accumulate and reduce photosynthesis and growth |
| Strategies of salt regulation | – Avoidance of uptake (mangroves) – Dilution (succulence) – Elimination – Secretion – Root discharge – Controlling water loss |
| Intraspecific competition | Dense stands of clonal & solitary plants typically suppress seed germination and survival of seedlings,Crowding ameliorates physical stresses,Aggregated distributions also beneficial to ribbed mussels(less vulnerable to ice, sedimentation, predators, etc) |
| Interspecific competition and plant zonation | Zonation patterns driven by interspecific competition acting across gradients in waterlogging and salinity, Lower distributional limits of species frequently set by physiological constraints, upper limits by competition |
| Reproductive response to disturbance events | asexual reproduction |
| Benefits of asexual reproduction | faster, reduces erosion and beats others to location |
| Early Successional Colonizer | other species settle but out-competed by the original plant |
| Invasive plants | same as e.s.c but invasive out-competes the original plant(s) |
| Facilitation | 1. mussels feces fertilizes plants 2. crabs burrowing increases soil aeration and primary productivity 3. dense low marsh aerates soil, increases primary prod. dec. erosion 4. High marsh bare patches by facilitated succession or competitive interactions |
| Facilitation #5 | group benefits of soil salinity buffering and soil aeration shift boundaries seaward |
| Kelp Biology | morphology variable, often rapid growth, approx. 30 genera worldwide |
| Kelp Habitat | hard bottom, exposed marine, cold water, less than 20 deg C but even less than 16 deg C |
| Kelp Life Cycle | involves sexual and asexual reproduction, supply of gametes problem for spread, also supply of spores by currents |
| Holdfast | attach kelp to the bottom |
| stipe | the stalk of the kelp |
| blades | like leaves, widely variable morphology, blades near surface needed to get sunlight |
| pneumatocysts | gas filled 'ball' to keep the plant upright for photosynthesis |
| Kelp Zonation | not consistent |
| Coral Reef definition | cemented and compacted assemblages of skeletons and sediment of sedentary organisms living in warm marine waters when the light intensity is high |
| Coral Reef Geological Importance | massive physical structures, islands, archipelagos, old and well preserved fossils |
| Economic Importance | shoreline protection, harbors, fishing in developing countries, tourism |
| Biological Importance | high diversity, many phyla, organisms w/ both wide and sometimes very localized geographic distibutions |
| Coral animals | algal symbionts, responsible for high levels of calcification that create reefs |
| Zooxanthellae | mutualistic photosynthetic organisms, provide fixed carbon to the host |
| Zooxanthellae benefits | don't have to worry about sinking, can use CO2 from coral respiration, and use coral nitrogenous wastes |
| Coral Benefits | get sugars from zooxanthellae (suspension feed for nitrogen and protein |
| Hermatypic | hard coral, reef building, high calcification, tropical, need warm water to calcify, responsible for binding 50% Ca in water |
| Ahermatypic | soft corals, worldwide distribution |
| Growth forms of hard corals | branching, massive, foliaceous |
| Branching coral | grow in linear dimensions fairly rapidly 10m/ yr |
| Massive Coral | lots of calcium carbonate but grow more slowly in linear dimensions 1m/ yr |
| Foliaceous Coral | like a leaf, w/ rapid growth similar to branching depending on shape of the leaf |
| Coral Sexual Reproduction | only at peak times during the year, mass spawnings produce larvae |
| Coral Asexual Reproduction | budding/ breaking off, roll, attach to a new site |
| Measures of coral growth | 1. Label with radioactive calcium 2. spike driven into coral 3. use of dyes 4. natural growth bands (like in a tree) |
| Hughes and Tanner Coral growth measured by | taking pictures of a quad over time |
| Reef Limiting Factors | 1. temperature > 18 deg C 2. Light, shallow waters 3. Turbidity, sedimentation inhibits corals and reef growth 4. Wave action, can topple corals |
| Fabricius and Wolanski | mucopolysaccharide diatoms responsible for marine snow by producing mucus sugars, took coral samples back to lab, broke into tiny pieces experimented which would survive longer under increased sedimentation |
| Flaws with Fabricius and Wolanski | pseudoreplication, used the same individual from each location, system was too reduced, had no flow |
| Direct Competition between two corals | either different individuals of the same species or two different species |
| Methods of Direct Competition between two corals | growth, try to overgrow one another, pneumatocysts, used to sting/ kill the other |
| Cleaning Symbiosis | banded coral shrimp, many juvenile and adult fish |
| Clown fish and anemone | amphirion spp. (Pomacentridae) fish gradually picks up some of the mucus from tentacles of anemone,eventually fails to recognize the fish as prey/ intruder |
| Cleaner fish importance | can be a keystone species |
| Predatory/ Herbivory preferences | generally prefer more rapidly growing species, maintains diversity (hawksbill turtles eat sponges) |
| Excessive predation | decreases diversity |
| Consumption Rates on Reefs | 150,000 bites/m2/day, 100% of algal production removed by fish and sea urchins |
| Crown of Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster planci) | outbreaks in 1960s, killed 90% of corals of GBR, all over indo-pacific |
| CoT Starfish behaviors | herding and nocturnal |
| CoT outbreak explanations | pesticide usage, blasting of harbors killing larvae, collecting of their predator species (Giant Triton, Charonia titronis), natural outbreaks still occur |
| Grazing Diadema antillarum | formerly dominant urchin in Caribean, disease outbreak and slow recovery, their grazing left halos around reefs, their removal removed these, new corals have no place to attach to build the reef up further |
| Reef Disturbances | wave action, extreme temps, sedimentation, extremely low tides; hurricanes and typhoons are strongest disturbances and occur in areas of greatest reef development, rate of disturbances increasing to where coral cannot keep up |
| Reef Disease | increasing incidence of disease, indicator of stress on coral reefs, sea fan browning fungus, white blotching |
| Larval Recruitment (Hughes and Tanner) | most reef coral have planktonic larval stage, positively correlates w/ amount of free space for settlement, survival of juveniles better for brooders, abundance of reef fish almost entirely explained by magnitude of recruitment |
| Post-recruitment |
Created by:
lydia.durkovic
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