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Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| P Generation | Parents |
| First generation after parents | F1 Generation |
| Second generation after parents. (F1s self fertilize or cross with one another) | F2 Generation |
| What are Mendel's first two of the four hypotheses? | 1. There are alternate versions of genes that account for the variations in inherited characteristics 2. For each character an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent. |
| What are Mendel's second two of the four hypotheses? | 3.If two alleles of an inherited pair differ then one determines the organism's appearance 4. Principal of segregation- A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited character. |
| Two genes nearby one another (exception to independent assortment.) | Linkage |
| F1 Hybrid intermediate between two parents (Red + White= Pink) | Incomplete Dominance |
| Both alleles are equally strong. (Black + White= Black and White) | CoDominance |
| Many genes for one trait. (height, skin color, intelligence.) | Polygenetic inheritance |
| One gene for multiple traits. (people with sickle cell may also be immune to malaria.) | Pliotropy |
| What kind of bonds are DNA held together by? | Hydrogen Bonds |
| What side of DNA is are the new bases added? | the three prime end (I will never add a base to the 5 prime end of DNA) |
| What adds the DNA bases in replication? | DNA Polymerase |
| What breaks the hydrogen bonds and opens DNA? (unzips) | DNA Helocase |
| What keeps the DNA from bonding back together? | SSBP (Single Stranded Binding Protiens) |
| What relieves the tension from twisting in the replication fork? | Topoisomerase |
| What creates an RNA primer to allow polymerase to have a point of origin? | Primase |
| What joins the Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand? | Ligase |
| What are the basics of DNA replication? | 1. Unwind DNA 2. Make a RNA primer 3. Make new DNA |
| Makes RNA from DNA | Transcription |
| Makes protein from RNA | Translation |
| How is protein read? | NH3+ to COO- (N and C terminus) |
| What is the start codon? | AUG |
| What are the three stop codons? | UAG UAA UGA |
| What are the rules of genetic code and what do they mean? | 1. Redundant - all but two have multiple codons 2. Unambiguous - single codon NEVER codes for more than one amino acid 3. Non-overlapping - each base is only part of one codon. |
| What are the 3 types of mutagens that may occur during replication? and what are they? | 1. Point Mutagen - one base change 2. Insertion - add a base or chromosome 3. Deletion - remove a base or chromosome |
| What are the 4 possible outcomes of a mutagen? | 1. Silent - Doesn't cause a change in the amino acid 2. Missense - Change one amino acid 3. Nonsense - an amino acid is changed to a stop codon 4. Frameshift - changes how the entire sequence is read. |
| What are 4 physical manifestations of a mutant screen? | 1. Complete loss of function - Protein doesn't do the job anymore, frame shift or early stop codon 2. partial loss of function -not as efficient 3. no change 4. Gain of function - letting the protein do something new |
| What gets cut out of protein making? | Intron |
| What is the UTR? | Untranslated Region (one on 5' and 3' end AAAAAAAAAAAA) Determines lifespan of RNA. |
| What is the area immediately before a gene? | Promoter |
| What are Transcription Factors? | Bind to the promoter based on sequence. |
| What happens in RNA processing to produce mature RNA? | 1. A 5' cap is added to the 5' end of the RNA 2. Adds a poly A tail to the 3' end for protection made of ~100-250 As to regulate the life span of RNA. 3. Splicing removes introns and keeps exons |
| What is tRNA? | Transfer RNA. Adaptor between RNA and protien |
| What part does the Ribosome play in Translation? | Where the amino acids bind to one another after the tRNA uses the anticodon to find the proper sequence. |
| How does the cell control gene expression? | 1. transcription control using transcription factors. 2. Translation control using mRNA half-life 3. Post transnational control using phosphorylation (turning on/off) |
| What is lactose metabolism? | An example of how prokaryotes control gene expression. |
| What is lactose? | a glucose and galactose dimer. when no glucose is available, the cell will use lactose. |
| What does lacZ do? | B-Galactocidase- brakes down lactose |
| What does lacY do? | Galactoside Permiase - allows lactose to get into the cell |
| What does lacI do? | Repressor - inhibits the production of lac operon |
| What is an operon? | all genes needed for a process are next to each other translated together. |
| What are the two types of gene control? | Negative and Positive |
| What is negative control? | Regulation of a protein by shutting it down (is always on and must be turned off) |
| What is positive control? | Regulation of a protein by turning it on. (is always off and must be turned on.) |
| Negative control of the lac operon? | The lacI (repressor) attaches at the operator to block the production of lacZ and lacY. |
| If lactose is present in the cell how does the lacI know to allow production of lacZ and lacY? | The lactose binds to a sight on the lacI allowing it to know there is lactose in the cell and remove itself from the operator. |
| Positive control of the lac operon? | Glucose inhibits the production of cAMP if it is present in the cell. If there is no glucose, cAMP signals CAP in turn signaling the lac operon. |
| What is the relationship between cAMP and Glucose? | if there is high glucose there is low cAMP. |
| What are histones? | Ways to package DNA (DNA + histones = chromatin) |
| What is an enhancer? | a section on DNA to turn on gene production. up or down stream sometimes faraway |
| What is a silencer? | Turns off gene |
| What is alternative splicing? | choosing which introns to remove. |
| What is the function of miRNA? (microRNA) | RISC complex uses miRNA to find RNA ready to be disposed of in the 26s protisome (aka trash compactor) |
Created by:
mekapp
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