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Senses
Bio II Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a stimulus? | Changes in light, movement, temperature, and pressure. |
| What is a 'sensation'? | Action potential that reaches the brain. |
| What is 'perception'? | Brain interpretation / constructions of the brain. Not necessarily 'real' (color blindness). Things can be sensed without really being perceived (unimportant information). |
| What are responsible for sensory reception? | Sensory cells and receptors. |
| What are sensory cells and receptors? What is their function? | They are specialized epithelial or neurons and include extero/interoreceptors. They convert sensory stimuli into membrane potential. |
| How do sensory cells respond to stimuli? | Stimuli causes ion channel changes, flex of cell membrane, pigments react with light, and substances bind to cell surface receptors. |
| Why can cell reactivity to stimuli vary in sensitivity? | Because single photons translate to single molecules. |
| What different reactions result from sensory cells? | Transmission to action potential or the release of neurotransmitters. |
| How can senses adapt? | When a stimulus is repeated, there is a decrease in responsiveness. A constant signal is not as important as a change in signal. |
| What type of receptors detect pressure, motion, and sound? | Mechanoreceptors. |
| What type of receptors detect osmoregulation, thirst, taste, and smell? These do not have to localize to specific structures. | Chemoreceptors. |
| What structures in insects use chemoreceptors to taste and hear? | Fly feet and antennae. |
| What types of receptors detect light, electricity, and magnetism? | Electromagnetic receptors. |
| What animals use electromagnetic receptors? | Snakes, platypus, sharks, magnetite. |
| What type of receptors detect radiation? | Photoreceptors. |
| Describe thermoreceptors. How do they work? | They are branched, encapsulated dendrites in the skin. Thy hypothalamus keeps the 'measure' of body temperature. Capillaries dilate/ constrict. |
| Describe pain receptors. How do they work? | They are exposed dendrites int eh skin. They react to chemicals released by other cells tissues (histamines and acids). |
| What does prostaglandin do? | This chemical increases the pain response in pain receptors. |
| How is prostaglandin synthesis reduced? | Aspirin and ibuprofen. |
| Why does a paper cut hurt so much? | Cell membranes are torn apart and the toxins and chemicals from the inter-cellular fluids come into contact with pain receptors (much higher amount than normal and all at once). |
| How is equilibrium in hearing reached? | By constant signals from hairs that are attached to mechanoreceptors. |
| What are statocysts? | They are cells with hairs surrounding central statoliths that help detect balance and motion. |
| How does hearing work? | By the use of body hairs. Different sizes detect different sound waves. Hearing can be tunes to specific threats or behaviors. |
| What is the tympanic membrane. | Produces stereo type sounds, this results from air that is trapped in a membrane. |
| How does hearing work in mammals, beginning in the tympanic membrane? | Sounds start in the tympanic membrane and then vibrates the middle ear bones, then that vibration is transmitted to the cochlea, and then sensory cells (hair cells) pick up the sound through movement. |
| How is volume detected? | By larger or smaller movement of cilia because more movement causes more action potential in sensory cells. |
| How is pitch detected? | The change in the shape of the cochlea localizes sound to particular sites and then the brain determines what the pitch is based on available information. |
| What can effect pitch determination? | The development of the cochlea. |
| What is equilibrium in the ears? | A constant movement of fluids within canals. |
| What is taste and smell? | The detection of chemicals. |
| What different 'tastes' can be detected? | Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory). |
| What happens when there is a change in the membrane potential? | Ligands bind to ion channels, there is a change in charge (depends in the amount of H+ is present in bitter acids), and the action potential is sent to the brain. |
Created by:
MichaelaMH
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