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Bio concepts 2
Chapter 54 Community Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biological community | collection of different species populations living close enough for potential interaction |
| What are the different relationships between species populations in a community | inter-specific and intra-specific |
| Inter-specific | interactions can affect survival and reproductive success of each different species and net effects on one or both species can be positive, negative, or neutral. |
| inter-specific competition | occurs when two or more species populations compete for limited resources. outcome determined by over all fitness(adaptations) for limited resources. |
| Ecological niches | a species overall use of biotic and abiotic resources.populations ecological role. |
| How can ecologically similar species coexist in the same community? | if their niches differ in at least one significant way. |
| Competitive exclusion | caused by strong competition.local elminitation of a competing species. two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in same niche indefinably.result in emigrates,adapts to another niche,extinct |
| resource portioning | differentiation/specialization of ecological niches.allows similar species with similar niche to coexist. |
| predation | the predator kills and eats the prey(+/-) |
| what are the behavioral pray adaptations? | alarm calls,fleeing,hiding.herding,playing "possum",fight back |
| What are the defensive adaptations that pray have? | morphological(large size,horns,quills,teeth,batesian mimicry).physiological(offensive odor/taste) |
| Batesian mimicry | one species will mimic the look of another animal that is known to be dangerous |
| herbivory | (+/-) herbivore eats all or parts of plant or alga.lead to plant adaptation(physical/chemical defenses)lead to herbivore adaptations(grinding teeth,gut wall to digest cellulose, immune to poisons) |
| Parasitism | (+/-) one organism,the parasite,derives nourishment from another organism,host,which is harmed/killed. Endoparasites/ectoparasites |
| symbiosis | relationship where two or more different species live in direct and close contact with one another.either beneficial or neutral. |
| commensalism | +/0 one species benefits;other is unaffected. |
| mutualism | +/+ benefits both species.can be obligate=species cannot survive w/o each other or Facultative=both species can survive apart form each other. |
| What are the two fundamental components of community? | structure and function |
| Species diversity | emmergent property.important indicator of community health(higher diversity). #species present(Species richness) and frequency of each species(evenness).more able to withstand harsh circumstances |
| Trophic structure | feeding relationships among organisms in a community. |
| Dominant species | most common species |
| Key stone species | may not be dominant .important to ecosystem |
| What are the two hypotheses that attempt to explain food chain lengths? | energetic hypothesis and dynamic stability hypothesis |
| energetic hypothesis | proposes that food chain length is limited by inefficient energy transfer.most data supports this |
| dynamic stability hypothesis | proposes that long food chains are less stable than short ones. |
| Invasive species | humans introduced alien species to a new local environment. Become very successful b/c competition is low and predators are scarce. |
| Key stone species | exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles/niches |
| Foundation species | physically change in environment,affecting community structure.some act as facilitators with a positive effect on survival and reproduction of other species in the community. |
| ecological succession | sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance. results when vegetation gradually changes the environment. start with pioneer plants |
| Primary succession | occurs where their is no soil. exists when plant colonization begins.lichens are first to colonize. |
| secondary succession | begins in area where at least some soil remains after disturbance. |
| Human Disturbances | have the greatest impact of biological communities worldwide. species diversity of communities usually decline.prevent some naturally occurring disturbances (fire) that can be important to nature community structure. |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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