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Endocrine
Bio II Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between nerves and hormones? | Nerves are a collection of cells while hormones are secreted directly into extracellular fluids. Hormones can coordinate long term responses and developmental growth. Hormones are not specialized for locations in the body. |
| What are neurosecretory cells? | They release substances that act as both hormones and neurotransmitters (ie Epinephrine). |
| What makes up the endocrine pathway in hormone release? | Stimulus, target effectors, and a response. |
| What are the two types of hormones? What is the difference? | Protein/ peptides/ amine hormones are water soluble and steroids are not water soluble. |
| What is the pathway of signal transduction? | Begins in the secretory cell, then goes through the blood/lymph fluid, and then effects the target cell. |
| What does signal transduction effect? | The transcription factors for gene expression. |
| What three things result from the binding of a hormone to a cell surface receptor? | Gene regulation, enzyme activation, and cytoskeletal changes. |
| What must cell surface receptor hormones do? | They must interact with cell surface receptors, not just enter the cell. |
| Describe the pathways that cell surface receptors effect. | The same signal can effect many pathways. It depends on the cell surface receptors that it bind to. |
| Why are steroids so dangerous? | They can pass through membranes directly to the nucleus and can form a complex with a cell surface receptor because of it's low solubility in water. |
| What factors do hormones effect? | Water retention, growth, milk production, sperm and egg production, metabolic processes, blood calcium levels, glucose levels, sex characteristics, light and dark cycles. |
| What do the hypothalamus and pituitary glands accomplish together? | The regulation of a majority of the endocrine system. |
| What is the function of the hypothalamus? | It receives sensory information that can result in hormone release and it regulates the pituitary. |
| What is the function of the pituitary gland? | It releases a variety of hormones. |
| Where do thyroid hormones originate? | From the thyroid gland that is a derivative of pharyngeal slits. |
| What do thyroid hormones regulate? | Development, bone growth, blood pressure, heart rate, and muscle tone. |
| What is hyperthyroidism? How is it treated? | A disorder that releases an insufficient amount of hormones. It is treated by killing the hormone and taking pills. |
| * What results from low calcium levels? | Convulsive muscle contractions. |
| *What hormones maintain calcium levels in the blood? | Calcitonin and PTH. |
| What should occur when calcium levels in the blood are too low? | The thyroid and parathyroid glands release the parathyroid hormone PTH. The PTH then induces osteoclasts to release calcium from the bones. The kidney's should then reabsorb calcium and activate vitamin D to cause the intestines to absorb more calcium. |
| *Which two hormones are involved with diabetes? | Insulin and glucagon. |
| *What is the endocrine part of the pancreas involved in diabetes and sugar regulation? | The Islets of Langerhans. |
| *What type of pancreatic cells of the Islets of Langerhans release glucagon? | Alpha. |
| *What type of pancreatic cells of the Islets of Langerhans release insulin? | Beta. |
| *What should occur when there is too much glucose present int he blood stream? | Insulin should be released. |
| *What should occur when there is too little glucose present in the bloodstream? | Glucagon should be released. |
| * What occurs when insulin is released? | Cells are signaled to uptake glucose (because the brain does not use insulin), glycogen break down slows, amino acid and glycerol conversion to glucose is inhibited, and the liver and muscles store glucose as glycogen and/or adipose. |
| *What occurs when glucagon is released? | Glycogen hydrolysis in the liver increases. |
| *What us diabetes mellitus? | A deficiency in insulin or a reduced response to insulin. |
| What results from diabetes mellitus? | The elevated blood glucose levels exceeds the kidney's re-absorption abilities. This causes sugar in the urin, more water present in urine, and the lack of sugar absorption leads to fat breakdown for energy and the lowering of blood pH. |
| What is type I diabetes? | "Insulin dependent diabetes," the immune system destroys beta cells that release insulin, and is the early onset version. |
| What is type II diabetes? | Diabetes where there is a reduced response to insulin, some genetic factors involved, involves the lack of exercise/ excess body weight, is the late onset version. This version can be controlled by regulating diet and exercise. Some require drug therapy. |
| What two hormones regulate the 'fight or flight' response? | Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). |
| What two glands regulate the hormone releases that cause or inhibit the 'fight or flight' response? | The adrenal medulla (neuroendocrine gland) and the adrenal cortex (endocrine gland). |
| What types of responses involve the adrenal medulla (neuroendocrine gland)? | Quick responses stimulated by neurons. |
| What happens when the adrenal medulla is stimulated? | Rapid energy boosts (from glycogen breakdown and fatty acid release), increased heart stroke volume, dilated bronchioles, and blood is moved away from the digestive tract, skin, and kidneys (flight response). |
| What occurs when the adrenal cortex (endocrine gland) experiences a long term stress response? | The hypothalamus secretes ACTH that stimulates the adrenal cortex, there is a breakdown of skeletal muscle for glucose, and the immune system is suppressed (extreme stress). |
Created by:
MichaelaMH
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