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Bio Concepts 2
Chapter 42: Gas exchange
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gases diffuse what way in a pressure gradient? | down pressure gradients in lungs and other organs because of differences in partial pressure |
| Partial pressure | pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases.higher concentration of gas means greater this is. |
| Gas law | gas diffused form region of higher partial pressure to region of lower partial pressure. For oxygen diffusion occurs from air,blood,cells. For CO2 diffusion occurs from cells,blood,air. |
| Animals use air or water as... | source of O2 and dump for CO2.In a given volume, less O2 is available in water than air, especially as temperature increases.Absorbing O2 from water requires greater efficiency of respiratory organs than air breathing. Gills/mouth cavity/skin |
| Respiratory Surfaces | animals require large them to be moist for exchange of gases between their cells and respiratory medium. Skin,Gills,Tracheae,Lungs. |
| Gills in Aquatic Animals | they are out-foldings of body that create large surface area for efficient gas exchange |
| ventilation | moves respiratory medium over respiratory surface |
| Aquatic animals | move through water of move water over their gills. |
| Contercurrent exchange | in fish/clams.blood flows in opposite direction to water passing over gills.blood always less saturated with O2 than water therefore maintains partial pressure.Maximizes difference in partial pressure and therefore contraction of CO2 from blood into water |
| Tracheal system of insects | consists of tiny branching tubes that penetrate entire body.supply O2 directly to body cells.respiratory and open circulatory systems are separate. |
| Lungs | Extensive infolding of body surfaces. CS transports gases between lungs and entire body.size/complexity of these correlate with animals metabolic rate. |
| First part of mammalian respiratory system | system of branching ducts conveys air to lungs.air inhaled through nostrils passes through pharynx via larynx>trachea>bronchi>bronchioles>alveoli>gas exchange>cellular membrane>blood(RBC). |
| exhaled air passes over what to create sound? | vocal cords. Emergence property involving lungs and breathing |
| Surfactants | secretions coat inner surface of alveoli |
| Breathing | alternate inhalation and exhalation of air, ventilates lungs |
| Negative pressure breathing | in mammals which sucks air into lungs.lung volume increases as rib muscles and diaphragm contract. |
| Tidal volume | volume of air inhaled with each breath |
| What are the main breathing control centers? | Medulla oblongata and pons. |
| Medulla | regulates rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in cerebrospinal fluid. to match metabolic demands |
| Pons | helps regulate breathing rate |
| What do sensors in aorta and carotid arteries monitor? | Concentrations of O2 and CO2 in blood (large quantities). Exert secondary control over breathing(backup). |
| Blood arriving in lungs | partial pressure of O2 low relative to air in alveoli; partial pressure of CO2 relatively high |
| In alveoli | O2 diffuses into blood and CO2 diffuses into air |
| In tissue in capillaries | partial pressure gradients promote diffusion of O2 from blood to interstitial fluids to cells and CO2 from cells to interstitial fluid to blood. |
| respiratory pigments | proteins in RBC bind to and transport oxygen, they greatly increase amount of oxygen that blood can carry. |
| Arthropods and many molluscs have what that act as an O2 binding element? | Hemocyanin with copper |
| Most vertebrates and some invertebrates use what as an O2 binding element? | Hemoglobin inside erythrocytes (RBC) with iron |
| Hemoglobin and Bohr shift | single molecule can carry 4 molecules of O2.a dissociation of this shows that small change in partial pressure of oxygen can result in large change in delivery of O2.CO2 produced during cellular respiration lower blood pH and decreases affinity of this. |
| Carbon Dioxide Transport | Hemoglobin also helps transport CO2 and assists in buffering blood. CO2 from respiring cells diffuses into blood and is transported either in blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions. |
| Respiratory diseases | Lung cancer:small-cell and non-small cell lung cancers. Black lung, COPD, Asthma,influenza,TB,pneumonia,bronchitis, Cystic fibrosis(genetic) |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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