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Science B3 Topic 2
GCSE edexcel further additional biology: behaviour
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is behaviour? | Behaviour is the way in which an animal responds to internal and external stimuli |
| What is courtship behaviour? | Courtship behaviour advertise an individual’s reproductive quality - they show that it is healthy and is well adapted to its environment e.g. male birds are often brightly coloured |
| What are the different mating strategies + examples? | *mate for life with same partner eg swans *several mates over a lifetime *one mate for a breeding season eg robins *the dominant male breeds with all females every season eg deer, lions |
| What are some examples of parenting in the animal kingdom? | *Female mammals feed their young on milk and teach them how to find food and avoid predators *Many birds keep their young warm in a nest and bring them food until they can fly |
| What is an evolutionary strategy? | a process that affects how a species changes over time and spreads |
| Why is parental care a successful evolutionary strategy? | *It increases the chance of survival of the offspring *It increases the chance of the parental genes being passed on by the offspring |
| Why might parents (animals) save their young at the risk of their own lives? | Because the survival of their offspring is more important - they will pass down their genes |
| What is innate behaviour? | Innate behaviour is automatic and doesn’t need to be learnt, controlled by genes |
| What type of behaviour is reflex actions? | Innate behaviour- automatic responses to stimuli |
| What are some examples of innate behaviour? | a human baby’s startle reflex, new-born mammals instinctively know where to look for milk |
| What are advantages of innate behaviour? | Animals with useful innate behaviour patterns are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their genes |
| Who was Tinbergen, what did he discover? | Tinbergen= ethologist. He noticed that herring gull chicks innately pecked at their parent’s beaks to make them regurgitate food. He made cardboard models of gull’s heads with different colours for the spot on beak to see if gull chicks pecked at spots |
| What is imprinting? | Imprinting is the process in which young animals bond with or become attached to animals or moving object they see immediately after hatching or birth. Imprinting is a kind of simple learning, which is a change in behaviour as a result of experience |
| When can imprinting occur? | Imprinting only happens in a very short window of time after birth, but lasts into adulthood |
| Who was Lorenz, what did he discover? | Lorenz= ethologist. Discovered imprinting by noticing that goslings and ducklings became attached to whatever they first saw after birth (in wild: mum, in incubator: wooden cube/lorenz) |
| What is the advantage of goslings and ducklings becoming attached to their mother? | this ensures they are protected and learn how to find food |
| What are some types of learned behaviour? | Habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning |
| What is classical conditioning? | Classical conditioning is a process in which learning causes a reflex action to happen in response to a different stimulus |
| What did Pavlov do? | dogs have innate response of producing saliva when smelling food. Pavlov investigated if dogs could learn to respond to other stimuli in the same way, so he rang a bell just before giving food to a dog. |
| CONTINUATION | The dog would salivate when it was given the food. After repeating it many times the dog produced saliva when it heard the bell, as it had learnt to associate the sound of the bell with food |
| What is operant conditioning? | Operant conditioning is a process in which an animal changes its behaviour as a results of experiencing rewards of unpleasant consequences |
| What is operant conditioning used for and why does it work? | Operant conditioning is used to train animals, as it begins with a chance behaviour, which produces a reward, and the reward reinforces the behaviour |
| What are some examples of training animals? | *Dolphins- trained to locate mines *A sniffer dog is given an object with a smell to sniff- when given objects with various smells, it is rewarded when it indicates the one with the original smell, so learns to search for that smell |
| What is habituation? | Habituation is when an animal learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus |
| What are examples of habituation? | *Police horses- trained to not be afraid of smoke by being repeatedly exposed to it & finding that nothing bad happens *if sea hare is touched, it withdraws its gill, but if you keep touching it and don't hurt it, it won't withdraw the gill |
| What methods do animals use to communicate? | Visual, auditory (sound), chemical |
| How do animals use visual signs to communicate? | *Body language to establish alpha male *Colours and patterns are used in courtship displays to attract a mate *Bright colouration is often associated with toxicity eg frogs *Mammals use gestures, body language and expressions to communicate mood |
| How do animals use auditory signals to communicate? | *Male birds keep others out of their territory by singing *Male grasshoppers rub their hind legs against their wing-cases to make a high-pitched sound that attracts females |
| How do animals use chemical signals to communicate? | *Sex pheromones are released for sexual attraction e.g. female moths and butterflies *Pheromones are released for sexual suppression e.g. a queen bee releases pheromones that prevent other fertile females from developing ovaries |
| What is a pheromone? | Pheromones are hormone-like substances that diffuse into the air and influence the behaviour of others cause - a type of chemical signal |
| What is social behaviour? | Social behaviour is the way in which organisms that live in groups interact with one another |
| How can social behaviour improve survival? | different individuals take on different tasks, the group has a better chance of defending a territory if they work together |
| Who was Dian Fossey, what did she do? | Fossey= ethologist who studied social behaviour in mountain gorillas,Rwanda. She imitated their behaviour + became partly accepted into their group, so she recorded their behaviour + discovered complex family relationships and that they weren’t violent |
| Who was Goodall, what did she do? | Goodall= ethologist who studied social behaviour in chimpanzees in Tanzania. She lived closely with chimpanzees and recorded their behaviour - she discovered that they make and use tools to obtain food, and they hunt as a group |
| How do plants communicate with each other? | By releasing chemical signals, pheramones |
| Give an example of plant communication | Acacia trees produce poisonous chemicals to deter herbivores from eating leaves- when attacked, a tree releases ethane which diffuses through air to nearby acacia trees to tell them to start producing the chemical before herbivores start to eat them |
| How do plants communicate with animals? | *brightly coloured flowers attract pollinators *sweet-scented flowers attract pollinators *brightly coloured seeded fruit encourages animals to eat it, so seeds are dispersed and are released in waste *plants produce chemicals that harm insects |
| What is evolution and co-evolution? | Evolution is the change in a species over time. Co-evolution is where two species change together over time |
| What are some examples of co-evolution with plants and animals? | *brightly coloured flowers attract insects, insects that notice colour find food *orchid looks like female wasp, male wasp rubs pollen over itself *where there are no grey kangaroos, plants don't bother making fluoroacetate poison |
| What are the stages of human evolution? | •Ardi= fossil bones of 4.4m year old human-like, female animal •Lucy= fossil bones of 3.2m year old, human-like, female animal •Homo habilis= from 1.6m years ago discovered by Leakeys •Homo erectus= from 1.6m years ago •Homo sapiens |
| What are the characteristics of: Ardi? | characteristics: small brain, walked more upright than an ape, long arms, could grasp branches with big toes |
| What are the characteristics of: Lucy | characteristics: long arms, small brain but larger than that of Ardi, shorter than Ardi |
| What are the characteristics of: homo habilis? | characteristics: larger brain, walked upright |
| What are the characteristics of: homo erectus? | characteristics: larger brain, tall |
| How are stone tools dated? | Stone tools can be dated by dating the layers of rocks or sediment that they are found in |
| Why do stone tools show evolution? | They show an increase in intelligence - stone tools have developed from primitive tools for skinning animals and cutting meat, to sophisticated tools |
| When + where do scientists think homo sapiens first evolved? | 200,000 years ago, Africa |
| Where do scientists think humans migrated? | 60000 years ago= Ice Age, sea levels were lower - Homo sapiens may have crossed from Africa to Yemen 25000 years ago= glacial period, produced a land bridge between Siberia and North America 11000 years ago= settling |
| What are mitochondria? | Mitochondria are cell organelles which perform respiration by releasing energy from food, and have their own DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) |
| Where does mitochondrial DNA come from in a family line? | mitochondrial DNA only comes from the mother because all the mitochondria come from the cytoplasm of the egg cell (the mitochondria of the sperm cell do not reach the nucleus of the egg cell during fertilisation) |
| What mutates faster : nuclear or mitochondrial DNA | Mitochondrial DNA: 100 to 1000 times faster |
| Why is mtDNA more useful for tracking human migration than nuclear DNA? | *It is far more abundant - each cell of a fossil contains only one nucleus but many mitochondria *Mitochondrial DNA is less likely to have degraded over time |
| What is the theory of African Eve? | Theory that all humans have evolved from a woman who lived in African 130,000 to 200,000 years ago, and who passed on her mtDNA to all humans-she is the only one where there is an unbroken female-female line all the way from her to our current generation |
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