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Respiratory System
Biolog 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alevoli | endings of the bronchioles, forming the lungs. through their surfaces that gas exchange for external respiration occurs -specialized to increase efficiency of gas exchange |
| aortic bodies | small clusters of chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and supporting cells located along the aortic arch |
| bicarbonate ions | products of certain salts, they buffer their respective solutions |
| bronchi | branches of the trachea that conduct air to and from lungs. ciliated mucus lining serve to help condition inhaled air by providing moiture, establishing body temp and removing debris |
| bronchioles | branch into smaller and smaller passageways ending at the air sacs-branches of bronchi |
| carbaminohemoglobin | combination of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin. second most common way carbon dioxide is transported safely in plasma from systemic tissues to pulmonary capillaries to be exhaled |
| carbon dioxide | toxic byproduct of cellular respiration that is removed from body during cellular respiration - diffuses into blood during capillary-tissue fluid exchange |
| carbonic anhydrase | enzyme located in membrane of red blood cells - catalyzes reversible reaction between h20 and co2 creating carbonic acid |
| carotid bodies | nerve receptors in carotid arteries that are sensitive to chemical composition and pressure of blood - trigger impulses to the CNS to maintain homeotasis |
| cilia | made from 20 molecules of tubulin. line major air passageways and are covered in mucous.propel mucus down epiglottis. |
| diaphragm | muscle at the base of thoracic cavity. contraction of diapragm causes it to flatten and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity resulting in inhalation. |
| exhalation | breathing out - signaled by stretch receptors on the surface of alveoli |
| external respiration | diffusion across alveoli surfaces. increases concentration of oxygen and decreases concentration of carbon dioxide in blood |
| hydrogen ions | hydrogen ions in deoxygenated blood are transported by hemoglobin therefore maintaining a normal pH in plasma` |
| inhalation | breathing in - when medulla oblongata registers a high concentration of CO2 and H in blood, it initiates a nerve impulse to diaphragm and muscles causing them to contract |
| intercostal (rib) muscles | smooth muscle tissue lying between ribs. when they contract they contribute to inhalation in the same way as the diaphragm |
| internal respiration | gas exchange at the systemic capillary beds. effect of this exchange is to increase oxygen concentration in extra-cellular fluids so it can diffuse into cells and CO2 diffuses out (making deoxygenated blood) |
| larynx | contains vocal cords |
| lungs | comprised of 5 loves, located at the terminus of the bronchi and bronchioles.- organs of gas exchange for the respiratory system |
| mucus | water fluid secreted by mucosal cells. used as a lubricant and protectant |
| nasal cavity | main entry point for air into respiratory pathway, functions to trap debris that is in inhaled air |
| oxygen | required by mitochondria for cellular respiration and produced by cholorplasts during photosynthesis |
| oxyhemoglobin | combination of oxygen and hemoglobin-4 bonding sites for oxygen |
| pH | measure of hydrogen ions in solution |
| pharynx | back of mouth where food and air travel. base is specialized by haing openings to esophagus (food) and trachea (air) |
| pleural membrane | enclose the lungs - outer-sticks closely to walls of chest and diaphragm inner- stuck to lungs and lie close to each other, stick lungs to chest cavity walls |
| reduced hemoglobin | transports hydrogen ions |
| respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata | part of the brain that monitors blood and signals contraction of diaphragm and intercostals muscles causing inhalation |
| respiratory tract | pathway of airflow in the body associated with respiration. includes nasal passageways and sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea bronchi bronchioles and alveoli |
| ribs | bones hinged to vertebral column and sternum which define the top and sides of chest cavity |
| stretch receptors | located on surface of alveoli, trigger impulses to the medulla oblongata that cause it to stop sending impulses to diaphragm and intercostals muscles triggering exhalation |
| thoracic cavity | contains the lungs and heart, lower limit is the diaphragm |
| trachea | ciliated , combined action-mucociliary apparatus, tracheostomy-artificial opening to open airway |
Created by:
alubbe
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