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Microbiology EXAM #4

TermDefinition
Proofreading correction of errors in base pairing made during replication, DNA polymerase
Mismatch Repair Type of excision repair e.g., mismatch repair system in E. coli
How does Mismatch repair system work mismatch correction enzyme scans newly synthesized DNA for mismatched pairs mismatched pairs removed and replaced by polymerase and DNA ligase
DNA Methylation distinguish old DNA strands from new DNA strands.
Excision Repair Corrects damage that causes distortions in double helix (2 types, nucleotide and base excision repair)
Direct Repair (Photoreactivation) used to directly repair thymine dimers thymines separated by photochemical reaction catalyzed by photolyase.
Direct repair of alkylated bases catalyzed by alkyltransferase or methylguanine methyltransferase.
Recombinational Repair Repairs DNA with damage in both strands. Involves recombination with an undamaged molecule. RecA protein catalyzes recombination events
The SOS Response Inducible repair system (a global control network) Used to repair excessive damage that halts replication, leaving many gaps
RecA protein in SOS response initiates recombination repair and acts as protease, destroying LexA repressor protein, increasing production of excision repair enzymes.
DNA polymerases IV and V (SOS Response) synthesize unrepaired DNA.
Vertical gene transfer Occurs during reproduction between geeration of cells
Phase Variation: Salmonella use this technique to switch between different types of the protein flaggellin (deals with rapidly varying environments)
3 types of Recombination at the Molecular Level Homoglogulous recombination. Site specific recombination. transposition.
Homologous Recombination Most common, Usually involves a reciprocal between a pair of DNA molecules with similar nucleotide sequences.
Homologous Recombination RecA proteins carry out the process
Gene Recombination population’s genetic diversity source of variation in evolution. Enable the organism to carry out valuable new functions.
double-strand break (Homologous recombination) occurs between molecules, allowing exchange to be mediated.
Site-Specific Recombination Important in insertion of viral genome into host chromosomes
Site-Specific Recombination There is only a small region of homology between inserted genetic material and host chromosome.
Site-Specific Recombination recombination occurs at specific target sites in DNA molecules
recombinase enzymes. Mediates site-specific recombination process
Transposable Elements Segments of DNA that move about the genome in a process called transposition- jumping genes.
insertion sequence Simplest transposable elements
composite transposons Transposable elements which contain ‘extra’genes
Simple Transposition cut-and-paste transposition (Cleavage of new target site and ligation into site)
Replicative Transposition Original transposon remains at parental site in DNA, and Copy is inserted in target DNA
Two genes coding for enzymes in replicative transposition transposase and Resolvase
Conjugation Cell to cell contact, Donor cell must carry the plasmid and recipient cell do not.
Gram-positive- sticky surface that cause cells to come into direct contact
Gram-negative projections from donor cell- sex pilli.
J. Lederberg and E. Tatum demonstrated the transfer of genes between bacteria that depends on direct cell to cell contact mediated by the F pilus. Undirectional DNA transfer from donor to recipient
Transduction The transfer of bacterial genes by viruses. Bacteriophages can carry out the lytic cycle or viral DNA integrates into the host genome
Pathogenicity Islands Major virulence factors on large segments on chromosomal or plasmid DNA
Created by: kreynolds1153633
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