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GEO 1090 Exam 3
Geologic Time, Mass Wasting, & Rivers
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| principle of uniformitarianism | processes happening now happened before; large changes require a long time |
| principle of original horizontality | sediment deposited horizontally; tilted rocks deformed by tectonics |
| principle of superposition | younger formations on top |
| principle of lateral continuity | form in lateral sheets; erosion dissects once continuous layers |
| principle of cross-cutting relations | younger features cut older features |
| principle of inclusions | inclusions always older than enclosing material; must be present to be included |
| principle of fossil succession | index fossils determine time range |
| disconformity | erosion, lack of deposition |
| angular unconformity | relationship is angular |
| non-conformity | sedimentary deposited on top of eroded igneous or metamorphic rocks |
| relative dating | based on order of formation; younger or older |
| absolute dating | actual number of years |
| Hadean Eon | first; formation of Earth, molten core goes to center, oceans formed, meteorites |
| Archean Eon | second; continents, lithosphere formed, meteorites stop, rock record survives, mats of cyanobacteria |
| Proterozoic Eon | third; multi-cellular vertebrates appear |
| Phanerozoic Eon | fourth; Permian extinction @ beginning; hard-shelled organisms (better records), Pangaea rifts apart |
| Mesozoic Era/Jurassic and Triassic Period | Subduction sutures terrenes onto continent, collision build up Rockies, feathered birds, ancestors of mammals |
| Mesozoic Era/Cretaceous Period | seas flood continents, modern fish, flowers |
| K-T boundary event | Cretaceous-Tertiary, meteorite impacts, blots out sun -stops photosynthesis; evidence: plankton-free clay, iridium rich clay, micro tektites, buried crater visible |
| geologic column order | eon - era - period - epoch |
| classification of mass-movements | type of material, rate of movement, nature of mass, immediate surrondings |
| slides | rotational/slump: concave; translational: whole block slides down |
| falls | one chunk drops |
| flows | debri flows: muddy, granular, lahar-style; creep: air freezes, grains pulled out, air warms, grains pulled down |
| factors of slope stability (8) | water (adds weight, lubricates); steepen slope; remove base/top; add material to top (pipes, adds water); remove vegetation; tilted bedding planes; composition of slope; preexisting weaknesses |
| base level | level below which stream cannot erode |
| discharge | cfs |
| bedload | sediment being transported |
| gradient | slope |
| sinuosity | curviness |
| too much discharge | increase sinuosity, decrease gradient - lower discharge meandering stream |
| too much sediment | decrease sinuosity, braided stream |
Created by:
haleybaker
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