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inflammation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| four primary signs of inflammatory response | redness, heat, swelling, pain |
| acute inflammation involves predominantly | neutrophils |
| dilation of blood vessels can be mediated by | Histamine, PGE2, nitric oxide, platelet activating factor |
| Chronic inflammation may last | months |
| In acute inflammation there is : | A net gain of fluid and plasma protein molecules from vessels into the extracellular space |
| In acute inflammation, which of the following exudates contain watery fluids low in protein content | Serous – protein rich fluid with ,low cellular content |
| role of the complement fragment C3b | acts like an opsonin |
| Opsonin is | molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response |
| fever | a systemic manifestation of inflammatory response |
| dermatitis | skin inflammation |
| outcomes of acute inflammation | chronic inflammation, repair and resolution |
| Characteristics of _____ : extensive resolution or static cell population, formation of scar tissue | repair |
| Characteristics of ____ : minimal damage with regenerate capacity, termination of acute inflammation, somatic cells are still able to divide | resolution |
| acute inflammation | rapid response to the injury |
| vascular changes | alteration in vessel leading to increased blood flow (vasodilation) and structural changes allowing plasma protein to leave the circulation (increased vascular permeability) |
| Cellular changes | emigration of leukocytes from the micro-circulation and accumulation in the focus of injury ( cellular recruitment and activation) |
| Chemotaxis | means of attracting phagocytes to a site of tissue injury by a chemical messenger system |
| Opsonisation | enhance phagocytosis. |
| cause of inflammation | |
| redness and heat | reflects persistent vasodilation that is triggered by chemical mediators such as histamine (tissue based) and bradykinin (serum derived). speeds up arrival of inflammatory cells |
| swelling | oedema, result of local accumulation of fluid and plasma protein in the extracellular space and the migrating inflammatory cells. triggered by histamine release. ultrafiltration due to fluid loss from the actin response to chemical mediators. |
| pain | result of stretching and disorientation of tissue from oedema and accumulated pus. Prostoglandis activate the sensory nerve ending and pain receptor |
| loss of function | lack of movement and severe swelling. |
| pre formed chemical mediators | histamine Serotonin Lysosomal enzyme |
| Histamine | mast cells, platelets. activated by vasodilation and activated permeability. |
| Serotonin | platelets, vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation |
| lysosomal enzyme | neutrophils and macrophages. Digestion |
| newely synthesised chemical mediators | prostoglandis, leukotriens, cytokines |
| prostoglandis | leukocytes, platelets and endothelial cells, pain, vasodilation, increased permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis. |
| leukotriens | leukocytes, neutrophil chemotaxis, increased permeability |
| cytokines | lymphocytes, white blood cell activation and neutrophil chemotaxis |
| liver formed chemical mediators | factor XII, prostaglandis, leukotriens |
| factor XII (hagemen factor) | 4 cascades : kinin cascade - produce vasoactive kinesis coagulation cascade- responsible for conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin fibrynolytic cascade- plasmin lysis of fibrin complement cascade |
| prostaglandis | increases vascular permeability and dilation, induce neutrophil chemotaxis, different PG from different cells |
| leukotriens | |
| Exudates in AIR | haemorrhagic, fibrinous, membranous, suppurative. |
| leukocyte migration | adhesion, diapedesis, chemotaxis |
| main cellular events in an acute inflammatory response | Alteration in microvasculature ( i.e. vasodilation, increased vascular permeability) Migration of leukocytes at site of tissue injury(adhesion, diapedesis and chemotaxis) Inflammatory cell activation and function (e.g. Phagocytosis) Importance |
| phagocytosis | opsonization- recognition by receptor engulfment- phagocyte membrane zip around microbe, ingestes in phagosome, fuses with lysosome, becomes phagolysosome. killing and degrading in phagolysosome |
| mast cells and basophils | allergic reaction and anaphylatic shock. histamine, chemotactic factors, arachiodonic acid |
| Eosinophils | in submucosal tissue, allergy reactions and parasitic IR, enzymes, cytokines |
Created by:
purespirit
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