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Celebration #4
Classification
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is taxonomy? | organizing organisms into groups based on similarities and differences (hierarchical/largest to smallest) |
| What is the order of classification? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| What is the scientific human name? What is this system called? Who came up with it? | Homo sapiens (italicized); Binomial Nomenclature; Linneaus |
| ***Know the classification chart*** | |
| ***Read "Marine" Article*** | |
| ***Read "Microbial Drug Resistance" Article*** | |
| What makes prokaryotes different from eukaryotes? | They are unicellular and don't have a nucleus |
| What are other characteristics of prokaryotes? | contain genetic material (DNA, RNA) and have a cell wall; can double in 20 minutes; can survive harsh conditions; can slow down their metabolism |
| What do prokaryotes use to move? What is this called? | flagella; chemotaxis |
| What two kingdoms are prokaryotes in? | archaebacteria, eubacteria |
| What are spiral shaped bacteria called? | spirilla |
| what are rod shaped bacteria called? | bacilli |
| what are spherical bacteria called? | cocci |
| how does prokaryote nomenclature work? | some are named by phenotype (EX. Streptococcus sp.); many are named by genotype |
| T or F? Bacteria with closer genomes to each other are more related to each other | true |
| Describe gene transfer and reproduction (three ways) | Transformation- can pick up DNA from environment to use; transduction-can receive DNA from viruses that infect and use lysogenic cycle; conjugation- plasmid of DNA passed on from one bacteria to another with a pilus |
| What does gram staining test? | to tell difference between different types of bacteria |
| What is gram-positive bacteria? | stain purple, have peptidoglycan in cell wall to help it survive |
| gram-negative? | stain red/pink, have LPS layer in cell wall to protect it |
| What is a virus? | non-living genomic particles (virion) that use a host's "machinery" t reproduce |
| Can there be RNA or DNA viruses? | both |
| When can viruses thrive outside of a host? | When they have a protein coat (capsid) and in extreme conditions |
| Describe the lytic cycle | virion attaches to cell wall and penetrates it, nucleic acid (RNA/DNA) uses host cell to make more virions, virions are reproduced and release enzymes to dissolve cell wall, virus finds new cell to infect |
| describe lysogenic cycle | virion sends genetic material into cell, material mixes with host's DNA, host replicates and has viral genes that are passed on to new cell, virus takes over cell and reproduces other viruses when triggered, the triggered viruses lyse the host cell |
| What did Louis Pasteur do? | germ theory (infectious diseases are caused by bacteria), recognized presence of viruses, developed rabies vaccine and pasteurization |
| What did Leewoenhoek do? | modified microscope to discover bacteria |
| What did Hershey and Chase do? | found that DNA in bacteria shows heredity (1952) |
| What did Edward Jenner do? | made first vaccine against small pox, inoculated 8-year-old cow to give him immunity |
| What did Jonas Salk do? | created polio vaccine with a dead form of the virus |
| Describe fungi | heterotrophs that decompose/digest food outside body, can undergo dikaryotic stage |
| what is hyphae and what does it do? | filaments of fungi, helps hold fungi in place and absorb nutrients and water |
| what is mycelium? haustoria? | results from multiple hyphae; parasitic hyphae, enter host cells and take nutrients |
| what is septa? sporangium? | spaces between hyphae; hyphae that have spores |
| how does fungi go through asexual rep.? | release spores, budding, fragmentation of hyphae |
| how does hyphae go through sexual rep? | spores join together |
| name types of fungi and describe | Ascomycetes (sac fungi); Basdiomycetes (club fungi); Zygomycetes (have zygospores); deueromycetes (used in food and medicine) |
| What are the oldest eukaryotes? | protists |
| are protists unicellular or multicellular? | can be either |
| What are protozoans? | animal-like protists (heterotrophic) |
| What are phytoplankton? | plant-like (autotrophic, some photosynthetic) |
| Do protists produce asexually or sexually? | either |
| ***Read over Endosymbioic theory*** | |
| What are some types of protozoans, describe | Amoebas (use pseudopodia to move and feed); flagellates (use flagella to move); ciliates (use cilia to move); sporozoans (use spores to reproduce) |
| ***Learn giardia Iamblia cycle*** | |
| Describe giardia | harmful protozoan; parasitic; enters host as a cyst; attaches to intestines for nutrients; lives in fecal-contaminated soil, food, water; causes diarrhea, greasy, floating feces; most common intestinal parasite in humans |
| describe plasmodium falciparum | harmful protozoan; causes most cases and deaths of malaria worldwide; uses mosquito as vector and human as host; releases spores that invade liver cells and erythrocytes to reproduce; over 1 million die from malaria |
| three types of algae? | euglenoids-unicellular, aquatic, animal and plant characteristics; diatoms- golden algae w/ oil and live near surface to obtain light; dinoflagellates - two flagella help them spin |
| What are zooplankton? | predators of both phytoplankton and zooplankton; found in different areas in water column; indicate healthy ocean ecosystem |
| What are rhodophytes? | red algae that live in deep waters |
| chlorophytes? | green algae that are closest relatives to plants |
| slime molds? | protists that resemble fungi |
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