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A&P
Digestion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Goblet Cells | Secrete Mucus |
| Lacteals | Lymph vessels in the villi of the digestive tract |
| 3-6 Days | How long it takes for epithelial regeneration in the GI Tract |
| Peristalsis | Wave like contractions of the muscles of the GI Tract |
| Peritoneal Cavity | GI Tract lies within |
| Esophagus | Striated muscle, mix of striated and smooth, smooth |
| Pyloric Region | Thicker muscles, stronger contractions for mixing food |
| Small intestine | Most digestion/absorption occurs here |
| Jejunum | Most digestion occurs in this area of the small intestine, plicae circulares increases surface area for absorption |
| Duodenum | Responsible for acid neutralization and chyme osmolarity |
| High Carbohydrate Meal | Moves quicker than a High Fat meal through the somach |
| Acetylcholine | Stimulates the output of gastric juices |
| Gastrin | Stimulates Hydrochloric Acid secretion in the stomach |
| Cholecystokinin | Causes gallbladder to contract moving bile into the small intestine, causes pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes into small intestine, inhibits gastric emptying |
| Secretin | Makes liver and pancreas secrete bicarbonate into the small intestine, inhibits gastric acid secretion |
| Lysosome | in saliva, antimicrobial |
| Amylase | Begins digestion of starches in the mouth, continues with pancreatic version |
| Parietal cells | Secrete acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor |
| Paracrine cells | Secrete histamine |
| G Cells | Secrete Gastrine |
| Mucus | Neutralizes acid in stomach to prevent self digestion, inhibits pepsin (a protein digesting enzyme) |
| Pancreatic Lipase | Digests Fat |
| Bicarbonate | Neutralizes acidic chyme in the duodenum |
| Galbladder | stores bile |
| A D E K | Fat Soluble Vitamins |
| Alimentary Canal | Continuous muscular tube that winds through the body from mouth to anus |
| Accessory digestive organs | Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas and a number of large digestive glands |
| ingestion | taking food into the digestive tract |
| propulsion | Moves food through the alimentary canal by swallowing and peristalsis |
| mechanical breakdown | chewing, mixing, churning and segmentation of food |
| Digestion | Enzymes break down complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks |
| Absorption | passage of digested end products through the mucosal cells into blood or lymph |
| defecation | elimination of indigestible substances |
| 1500 ml per day | Amount of saliva output |
| (2I, 1C, 2PM, 3M/2I, 1C, 2PM, 3M) X 2 | Adult Dental Formula |
| Deglutition | Swallowing |
| Amount of time for food to pass through esophagus | About 8 Seconds |
| Amount of time for liquid to pass through the esophagus | 1-2 Seconds |
| Mucous neck cell | Produces a thin, acid mucus |
| Chief Cells | Produce pepsinogen |
| PH of Stomach | 1.5-2.0 |
| Pepsinogen | Inactive form of pepsin, activated by HCl, pepsin can also contribute to activation |
| Pepsin | Begins chemical digestion of protein, cleaves protein into peptide fragments and small single amino acids |
| Vitamin B12 | Requires intrinsic factor to be absorbed in the intestine |
| Intrinsic factor | Secreted by parietal cells with HCl, combines with B12 to form a complex that is absorbed in the terminal ileum |
| B12 | Needed for RBC maturation |
| Gastrin | Needed to stimulate acid secretion as well as histamine (which reinforces histamine actions) |
| Enteroendocrine cells | Release a variety of chemical messengers directly into the interstitial fluid of the lamina propria |
| Total volume of gastric juice released per day | 2-3 liters |
| Carbs (Glucose and galactose) | Moved by secondary active transport with sodium into the epithelial cells. Facilitate Diffusion moves them into capillaries |
| Fructose | Moves entirely by facilitated diffusion (to enter and exit cells) |
| Proteins | Broken down into amino acids, coupled transport with sodium into cell, leaves by facilitated diffusion |
| Lipids | Globules are broken down (emulsified) by bile salts into droplets, absorbed into cell, enter lacteals and transported away in lymph |
| Nutrient | a substance in food used for any bodily function |
| Carbs, Lipids, Proteins | Major nutrients |
| Micro Nutrients | Vitamins, minerals (needed in minute amounts) |
| Essential Nutrients | Nutrients the body cannot make and must be taken in by diet |
| Carbohydrates | Derived mostly from plants, used for fuel and ATP production, 100 grams per day needed |
| Lipids | Animals, nuts, oils, Help absorb certain vitamins, concentrated energy source, 65 grams per day, |
| Proteins | Animal products (mostly) |
| Vitamin B2 | Riboflavin - Important in reduction and oxidation in numerous metabolic pathways |
| Vitamin B3 | Niacin - Improves circulation, converts food to fuel, helps make various sex hormones |
| Vitamin B5 | Pantothenic Acid - Anti stress vitamin, needed for RBC production |
| Vitamin B9 | Folic Acid - Proper brain function, DNA production |
| Vitamin B12 | Maturation of RBCs |
| Vitamin C | Ascorbic Acid - Growth and repair of tissues, increased immune functions |
| Vitamin A | Component of pigments, maintenance of epithelial tissues, antioxidant, helps prevent damage to cell membranes |
| Vitamin D | Promotes bone growth, aids in absorption of calcium and phosphorous |
| Vitamin E | Antioxidant, helps prevent damage to cell membranes |
| Vitamin K | Important in blood clotting |
| Pancreatic Nuclease | DNA & RNA |
| Trypsin | Proteoses |
| Chymotrypsin | Proteoses |
| Carboxypeptidase | Polypetides |
| Brush Border Enzymes | Sucrase, Lactase, Aminopeptidase, (Intestinal) Nucleases, Dipeptidase, Maltase |
| Intestinal Nucleases | Nucleotides |
| Aminopeptidase | Polypeptides |
| Dipeptidase | Dipeptides |
| Maltase | Maltose |
| Sucrase | Sucrose |
| Lactase | Lactose |
| Osmoregulation | Maintaining a balance between volume of water and concentration of solutes in the body Urinary System |
| Release of Nitrogenous Wastes | Function of the Urinary system |
| Which is greater...BP in glomerulus or BP in capillary beds in the systemic circulation? | BP in Glomerulus due to narrow efferent arteriole |
| Glomerular Filtration | Is Passive through filtration membrane |
| An increase in Glomerular Filtration Rate... | Increases urine output and reduces blood volume/pressure |
| Renal Autoregulation | Adjusting its own resistance to blood flow (Kidney) |
| Renal Autoregulation uses two different mechanisms: | Myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feeback mechanism |
| Myogenic Mechanism does... | Uses muscles in the walls of the afferent arteriole to regulate blood pressure. Increased systemic BP results in restriction of these muscles to prevent damage to the glomerulus |
| Tubuloglomerluar feedback mechanism does... | Macula Densa cells in the DCT recognize that there is a high concentration of NaCl and send out vasoconstrictor chemicals that cause intense constriction of the afferent arteriole, reduces flow through glomerulus, allows more NaCl absorption |
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism is... | The body's main mechanism for increasing blood pressure |
| Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular complex release... | renin (to regulate BP) |
| What are the three steps of urine formation? | Glomerular Filtration, Tubular reabsorption, Tubular Seretion |
| What ions are most abundant in filtrate? | Sodium Ions |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Inhibits urine output |
| When there is a decrease in Antidiuretic hormone, the walls of the collecting duct become... | relatively impermeable to water |
| Aldosterone enhances... | Na+ reabsorption, which increases blood pressure and is responsible for the secretion of K+ |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) does... | reduces blood Na+, which decreases blood pressure |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)... | increases the reabsorption of calcium |
| PH of urine is usually slightly... | Acidic (around 6) |
| What components make up the most abundant parts of the Chemical Composition of urine? | Water, Urea, Sodium (in that order) |
| a moderately full bladder will contain how much urine? | 500ml |
| What is the maximum capacity of the bladder? | 800-1000ml |
Created by:
wiveys
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