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Biomed II Exam 5
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tidal volume | Volume of air that moves during a single inspiration or expiration during quiet breathing single inspiration and single experiation |
| what is the normal tidal volume? | 1/2 L or 500 mL |
| Inspiratory reserve volume | The amount you inhale after a natural inhale |
| Expiatory reserve volume | The amount you exhale after a natural exhale |
| Residual volume | The volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled |
| Vital Capacity formula | IRV+ ERV+ TV The total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling |
| Total lung capacity | TV + IRV + ERV + RV Maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs |
| Inspiratory Capacity | TV+IRV Maximum amount of air that can be inspired |
| Functional residual capacity | ERV+RV The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration |
| what are the functions of the respiratory system? | exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood homeostatic regulation of pH protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances vocalization |
| what is bulk flow? | exchanging air between the environment and their interior air spaces of the lungs |
| what is ventilation? | exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs, bulk flow of breathing |
| what is always an active process? inspiration or expiration? | inhalation is always an active process exhalation does not always require muscles unless you are forcefully breathing |
| what are our 3 exchanges and 1 transport in respiration | exchange from atmosphere to the lungs exchange from the lungs into the blood oxygen transported on heme exchange from the blood to the cells |
| what happens when carbon dioxide dissolves in blood? | creates bicarbonate ions and pH is lowered in the blood |
| if you decrease the size of the tube...what happens to resistance? | increases if you decrease the size of your tube, your resistance increases |
| what is the upper respiratory system composed of? | mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx |
| what is the lower respiratory system composed of? | trachea, two primary bronchi, lungs, diaphragm |
| what are the muscles of inspiration? | sternocleidomastoid, scales, external intercostals, diaphragm |
| what are the components of the reparatory system? | conducting system or airways the lead into the lungs alveoli for gas exchange bones and muscles of thorax and abdomen that create a pump |
| what is the pleural sac? | forms a double membrane surrounding the lungs similar to a fluid filled balloon |
| what is the function of the neural sac? | important in maintain pressure gradients so air can move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure |
| what is the function of pleural fluid? | creates a moist, slippery surface so opposing membranes can slide holds the lungs tight against the thoracic wall and holds them in an inflated space |
| what are the muscles of expiration? | internal intercostals abdominal muscles |
| where is surface area going to be greatest? periphery or trachea | periphery or bronchioles |
| where is resistance going to be greatest? periphery or trachea | trachea |
| where is resistance going to be least? periphery or trachea | periphery |
| where is velocity going to be greatest? periphery or trachea | trachea |
| where is velocity going to be least? periphery or trachea | periphery because it moves by diffusion |
| what is the mucociliary escalator? | cilia beat continuously in an upward motion to move mucus towards the pharynx |
| what happens during cystic fibrosis? | inadequate ion secretion that decreases the fluid movement in the airway, cilia become trapped in thick stick mucus and mucus cannot be cleared causing bacterial conlonization |
| what happens in the pulmonary after? | blood that is going to get oxygenated |
| what happens in bronchial artery and veins | supplies all parts of the lungs that are not actively participating in gas exchange |
| what are type II alveoli? | synthesize and secrete a chemical known as surfactant |
| what is surfactant? | mixes with the thin fluid lining of the alveoli to aid lungs as thy expand, lubricates the lung and allows it to inflate and prevent collapse |
| what are type I alveoli? | participate in gas exchange, larger and very thin so that gases can diffuse rapidly through them |
| what other molecules are found in the lungs? | macrophages that ingest foreign materials |
| what is the pulmonary circulation? | right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium |
| is the pulmonary system a high pressure system or low pressure system? | very low pressure system 25/8 keeps fluid out of the lungs for better gas exchange |
| what are three similarities between the bulk flow of air in respiratory system and the bulk flow of air in the cardiovascular system? | flow goes from high pressure to low pressure muscular pump creates pressure gradients resistance of flow is influenced by the diameter of the tubes |
| what are the three major components of the respiratory system? | conducting system and the airways alveoli, gas exchange occurs bones and muscles that create our muscular pump |
| what is the main muscle of inspiration? | diaphragm |
| what are the three sacs enclosed within the thorax? | pericardical cavity where the heart is left and right pleural cavities |
| the lungs are light, spongy tissue mostly occupied by _____ filled spaces? | air filled spaces |
| what is the relationship between the lungs and the pleural fluid? | two membranes, one against the chest cavity one against the lungs and filled with fluid, helps lungs move easily and helps hold the lungs out in an inflated space |
| follow an oxygen molecule from the outside of your lungs into your lungs | air comes from the outside to your trachea and then enters your alveolar space, surfactant, alveolar epithelium (type 1 alveoli), basement membrane (collagen/elastin), endothelium of the blood vessel, plasma, red blood cells |
| describe mechanisms by which the respiratory system warms and humidifies air | body's heat warms the air, water from the evaporating mucosal lining humidifies it. Mucus and saline filters the air |
| describe the composition of the alveolar walls and surrounding connective tissues | there are no muscles down in the alveoli but they have elastin and collagen fibers that help with the recoil of the lung |
| what is the volume of blood in the pulmonary vessels | 1/2 a liter, 10% of the circulation |
| how much of the blood is participating in gas exchange in any one moment? | 75 mL |
| what is the total blood flow through the lungs? | 5 liters per minute, which is the same as the entire rest of the body |
| what is the average arterial pulmonary pressure? | 25/8, low pressure |
| high pressure in your vessels pushes fluid where? | out lungs have low pressure so they are wet |
| what is the ideal gas law? | PV=nRT or V= 1/P as volume increases, pressure decreases (inversely related) |
| what is Boyle's law? | when you have a closed container, pressure times volume in that closed container is always going to be constant |
| what is Dalton's law? | total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by the individual gases adding up all the partial pressures to get 760 |
| at sea level, what is the atmospheric pressure? | 760 mmHg |
| at body temperature in 100% humidity, what is air vapor pressure? | 47 mmHg |
| at body temperature in 100% humidity, what is the partial pressure of oxygen? | 150 mmHg |
| how do you calculate partial pressure? | percentage (decimal) times atmospheric pressure |
| how do you calculate partial pressure with humidified air? | subtract the water vapor pressure from the total pressure then multiply it by percentage (decimal) |
| what is a norma; person's tidal volume? | 1/2 L or 500 mL |
| what is passive expiration? | when your lungs natural recoil |
| what is active expiration? | exercising or breathing heavily and you use muscles in your chest wall to help with breathing |
| what happens during inspiration? | volume increases in lungs pressure increases in lungs air molecules move in |
| what happens during expiration? | volume decreases in lungs pressure increases in lungs air molecules move out |
| what is intrapleural pressure? | pressure in cavity between the pleural membrane, CLOSED to the atmosphere, always going to be negative to atmosphere |
| when is the greatest decrease in pressure occurring in intrapleural pressure? | END of inspiration |
| what is alveolar pressure? | pressure in the alveoli which in open to the atmosphere and going to be zero or atmospheric pressure between inspiration and expiration |
| when is the greatest decrease in pressure occurring in alveolar pressure? | greatest decrease in pressure occurs during MIDPOINT of inspiration |
| what is compliance? | ability to stretch or change volume wight he amount of pressure |
| what is a high compliance lung? | stretches easily |
| what is elastance? | ability to return to resting volume when stretching force is released ability of the lungs to recoil |
| what happens in emphysema? | elastic gibers are destroyed so the elastance is low but compliance is high |
| what is the main difference between air flow and blood flow? | air is a mixture of compressible gases blood is non compressible |
| what happens in a larger bubble? | inward pressure is less than the smaller bubble and the larger bubble is less likely to collapse |
| what happens in the smaller bubble? | inward pressure is greater than the larger bubble and smaller bubbles have a greater pressure therefore are more likely to collapse |
| which alveoli has the greatest amount of surfactant? small or larger? | small the amount of surfactant is greater in a smaller alveoli than it is in a larger |
| what does parasympathetic neurons do in the respiratory system? what causes it? | bronchoconstrict histamines and leukotrines |
| what does sympathetic neurons do in the respiratory system? what causes it? | bronchodilation carbon dioxide and epinephrine |
| what is dead space? | when you are breathing, not all the fresh air you are letting in gets down to your alveoli, some of the air is stuck in the dead space 150 mL usually |
| what is total pulmonary ventilation? | total wire you move in and out breaths per minute times mL of air in tidal volume |
| what is alveolar ventilation? | amount of fresh air actually getting to the alveoli, takes into account the dead space tidal volume minus 150 mL dead space times breaths per minute |
| what is eupnea | normal quiet breathing |
| what is hyperpnea | increased respiratory rate and or volume in response to increased metabolism as in exercising and meeting your needs |
| what is hyperventilation | increased respiratory rate and or volume without increased metabolism emotional hyperventilation |
| what is hypoventilation? | decreased alveolar ventilation as in shallow breathing, asthma or a restrictive lung disease |
| what is tachypnea | rapid breathing, usually increased respiratory rate with decreased depth, panting like a dog |
| what is dyspnea? | difficulty breathing, air hunger hard exercise |
| what is apnea? | cessation of berating voluntary breath holding |
| what is the total alveolar ventilation for a normal patient | 4.2 |
| what is the normal respiration rate? | 12-20 breaths |
| what happens during hyperventilation? | oxygen goes up, CO2 goes down |
| what happens during hypoventilation? | oxygen goes down CO2 goes up |
| What is hypoxic vasoconstriction? | when oxygen is low, lungs construct the vessel so blood is not wasted by sending it to the low oxygenated alveolus |
| what happens in the alveolus if it is not getting much oxygen? | pulmonary arteries constrict and divert blood away from it |
| what is a restrictive lung disease? | problems with compliance like fibrotic lung disease |
| what is an obstructive lung disease? | obstruction of the airways like asthma or sleep apnea |
| what is hypoxia? | too little oxygen |
| what is hypercapnia? | elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide |
| what is hypoxic hypoxia? | low arterial partial pressures of O2 high altitude, alveolar hypoventilation |
| what is anemic hypoxia? | decreased total amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin blood loss, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning |
| what is ischemic hypoxia | reduced blood flow such as in heart failure, shock |
| what is histotixic hypoxia? | failure of cells to use O2 because cells have been poisoned cyanide |
| what do the sensors regulate in blood to avoid hypoxia and hypercapnia? | oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH |
| what is the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood normally | 95 oxygen 40 carbon dioxide |
| what is the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in venous blood normally | 40 oxygen 46 carbon dioxide |
| what are the three basic things that affect alveolar gas exchange? | amount of oxygen reaching the alveoli ability of the gas to diffuse across the membrane if the alveolus is pro fused with blood (blood to alveoli) |
| what impacts the amount of oxygen reaching the alveoli | composition of air alveolar ventilation: fresh air getting into alveoli |
| what is alveoli ventilation impacted by? | rate and depth of breathing resistance and lung compliance |
| what is gas diffusion impacted by? | surface area and distances |
| what do diffusion and solubility depend upon? | surface area, membrane thickness and diffusion distance |
Created by:
Chobchi
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