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LD BIO PLANT
LD BIO PLANT, CHAPTERS 17, 18 & 19
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| RIBOSOMES | Structures in which proteins are manufactured |
| GOLGI COMPLEX | Area that stores and packages chemicals |
| CYTOPLASM | Materials between nucleus and cell membrane |
| NUCLEUS | Control center containing genetic information |
| NUCLEOLUS | Spherical body in the nucleus |
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE | Membrane surrounding nucleus |
| CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE | Membrane surrounding cytoplasm and organelles |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Releases energy from nutrients |
| ROUGH ENDOLPLASMIC RETICULUM | Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached |
| VACUOLE | Bubble-like storage structure |
| CELL WALL | Stiff outer covering of plant cell |
| CHLOROPLAST | Plastid that stores chlorophyll used in photosynthesis |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Cell's internal transport system |
| OVARY | Holds the eggs (turns in to a fruit) |
| STYLE | Supports the stigma |
| STIGMA | Catches pollen |
| SEPAL | Protects and supports |
| RECEPTACLE | Supports flower |
| PEDICEL | Supports flower |
| PETAL | Attracts pollinators |
| FILAMENT | Supports anther |
| ANTHER | Makes the pollen |
| POLLEN GRAIN | Fertilizes egg |
| PISTIL | Female reproductive organ |
| STAMEN | Male reproductive organ |
| OVULE | The eggs that turns into seeds |
| POLLINATIONS | Pollen is transferred from the stamen to the pistol. Pollen is transferred from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil. |
| SELF POLLINATION | Pollen falls on the stigma of the same flower |
| CROSS POLLINATION | Pollen from one flower falls on the stigma of a different flower. |
| PLANT TISSUES | Meristematic, Protective, Vascular cylinders (roots) & Vascular bundler (stem) & Ground |
| MERISTEMATIC | Made up of cells that undergo mitosis. Cambium, Vascular, & Cork Cambium. |
| CAMBIUM | Adds thickness to the stems & roots |
| VASCULAR CAMBIUM | Adds thickness to tissue that transports water & minerals |
| CORK CAMBIUM | Produces cork and covers woody stems and roots |
| PROTECTIVE | Made up of cells that protect the cell. |
| EPIDERMIS | Usually one cell thick, secrete cutin a waxy substance that covers the above ground plant. The cuticle protects against water loss & infection by microorganisms. |
| VASCULAR CYLINDERS | Roots |
| VASCULAR BUNDLE | In the Stem |
| VASCULAR CYLINDERS & VASCULAR BUNDLE | Made up of the xylem & the phloem |
| XYLEM | Absorbs water & minerals from roots & carries up to leaves |
| PHLOEM | Conducts food and other dissolved materials from leaves to stem and roots (glucose) |
| GROUND TISSUE | Used in production & storage of food. Also, supports of the plant |
| PARENCHYMA | Unspecialized cells used for photosynthesis and food storage |
| COLLENCHYMA | Longer used for support |
| SCLERENCHYMA | Contain lignin which is what makes wood rigid for support. Have fibers used to make twine, rope and thread. |
| TYPES OF ROOTS | Fibrous & Tap |
| FIBROUS ROOTS | Is made up of numerous roots, many of which are nearly equal in size. This type of system develops when branching secondary roots are as large as or larger than the primary root (ex: Corn, Grass, Sweet Potatoe) |
| TAP ROOTS | Develops when the primary root grows rapidly and remains the largest root in the root system. Grow deep into the soil and become thick and fleshly (ex: Carrot, Radish, Beet & Oak trees) |
| ZONES OF A ROOT TIP | Maturation, Elongation, Meristematic & Root Cap |
| MATURATION ZONE | Cells differentiate or specialize. |
| MERISTEMATIC ZONE | New cell form rapidly by mitosis |
| ELONGATION ZONE | Cells get longer & grow |
| ROOT CAP ZONE | Cells push through soil |
| VASCULAR CYLINDER | Contains the xylem and phloem |
| EPIDERMIS | Outer most layer of cells. Takes in water & minerals from soil. Has root hairs which increase surface area for absorption. |
| CORTEX | Made of parenchyma cells which store food as starch. |
| ENDODERMIS | Inner layer controls water into the central cylinder |
| PERICYCLE | Secondary roots grow and push outward into soil. |
| XYLEM | Transports water & minerals up to leaves |
| PHLOEM | Transports food down & throughout the plant. |
| NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA | Live on roots of plants converting N into ammonia and nitrates that a plant can use. Also, fungi Mycorrhizae have symbiotic relationships with root as hair like structures help to absorb water & nutrients. |
| TYPES OF STEMS | Herbaceous & Woody |
| HERBACEOUS STEMS | Soft and green |
| WOODY STEMS | Grow in thickness as new tissue grows outward from the cambium. Cork is the protective tissue on the outside. Older cork cells are dead, but inner cork cells are alive. |
| RING OF THE TREES | Age, climate, conditions of the past environment |
| STOMATES | Leaves & gas exchange |
| STOMATES & LENTICELS | Holes that pass through the cork tissue allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| MONOCOT | Flowering plants whose seeds have one cotyledon |
| DICOT | Plants whose seeds have two cotyledons |
| THIN LEAF | Specialized to capture sunlight for |
| FLAT LEAF | To expose an increased surface area to the sun |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS | Stores energy and makes food |
| RESPIRATION | Release energy |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS | Occurs in Chloroplast |
| RESPIRATION | Occurs in Mitochondria |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS REACTANTS | CO2 & H2O |
| RESPIRATION REACTANTS | C6H12O6 & O2 |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS PRODUCTS | C6H12O6 & O2 |
| RESPIRATION PRODUCTS | CO2 & H2O |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION | 6CO2 + 12H2O + LIGHT ENERGY --> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 |
| RESPIRATION EQUATION | C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 12H2O + CHEMICAL ENERGY (ATP) |
| AEROBIC RESPIRATION | Starts with Glucose & O2 |
| ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION | Starts with Glucose |
| AEROBIC RESPIRATION PATHWAYS | Glycolosis, Krebs Cycle & ETC |
| ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION PATHWAYS | Glycolosis, Pyruvic acid breaks down fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation & alcoholic fermentation |
| AEROBIC RESPIRATION END PRODUCTS | CO2 + H2O |
| ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION END PRODUCTS | 2 ATP LACTIC ACID & 2 ATP ETHEL ALCOHOL |
| AEROBIC RESPIRATION ENERGY PRODUCED | 36 ATP |
| ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION ENERGY PRODUCED | 2 ATP |
| PHOTOCHEMICAL (LIGHT) REACTION | Occurs in grana, E jump farther away from the nucleus & are raised to a higher energy level, energy splits water into H & O, Stored as ATP & is carried to the dark Rx, NADP a coenzyme, binds with H to form NADPH2 & is carried to the dark RX |
| PHOTOLYSIS | Light energy splits water into H & O |
| CARBON-FIXATION (DARK) REACTION | Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast-doesn't use light directly-Use ATP + H + CO2 to synthesize, Radioactive isotope Carbon-14 used to trace this part of the process, Photosynthesis stores the Energy of light as chemical energy as C-C & C-H bonds |
| CHEMOSYNTHESIS | Process of oxidizing (loss of H or e releasing Energy) inorganic compounds such as sulfur, iron, or several other simple materials to produce energy (ex: some bacteria) |
| CHLOROPLASTS | Contain pigment chlorophyll, which appears green because it reflects green wavelengths and absorbs every other wave length. Helps create glucose during photosynthesis. |
| CAROTENOIDS | Yellow pigment |
| ANTHOCYANS | Red & blue pigments |
| CHROMATOGRAPHY | A process that separates pigments |
| AUTOTROPHIC | Means "self feeder" - Can synthesize their own food |
| HETEROTROPHIC | Must obtain food from the environment |
| SIX UPWARD THEORIES OF PLANT TRANSPORT | Adhesion, Capillary Action, Cohesion, Root Pressure, Atmospheric Pressure, & Transpirational pull. |
| DOWNWARD THEORY OF FOOD TRANSPORT | Translocation |
| ADHESION | The force of attraction between two different molecules |
| CAPILLARY ACTION | The upward movement of a liquid in a tube of narrow diameter |
| COHESION | The force of attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| ROOT PRESSURE | The osmotic pressure (build up of solutes in the xylem of a root) |
| ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE | The pressure of the atmosphere pushing down makes water rise |
| TRANSPIRATIONAL PULL | The main pull by which water moves from xylem to the leaf in a plant |
| TRANSLOCATION | Movement of food in the phloem throughout the plant by protoplasmic streaming or active transport |
| CUTICLE | Waxy layer that protects the plant from water loss. |
| GUARD CELL | Regulates what transfers in and out of the cell |
| LOWER EPIDERMIS | Allows gas exchange and protects |
| MESOPHYLL | Contains palisade & spongy layer |
| PALISADE MESOPHYLL | Photosynthetic layer that has the most chloroplasts |
| SPONGY MESOPHYLL | Has air spaces and allows gas exchange |
| UPPER EPIDERMIS | Prevents water loss and protects the cell |
| HORMONES | Chemical messengers |
| CHEMICAL CONTROL IN PLANTS | Hormones involved, concentration, & tissue affected by the chemical |
| AUXINS | "Plant regulators"; Chemicals that stimulate or slow (inhibit) growth by influencing cell division, elongation, and cell differentiation (specialization of cells) |
| IAA | Indole Acetic Acid - High concentration in the terminal buds, causes a lateral bud to grow explaining why plants become bushier when cutting off terminal buds |
| GIBBERELINS | Affect plant growth of stems, roots & leaves; Stimulate growth |
| CYTOKININS | Stimulate cell division during seed growth |
| ETHYLENE | Stimulate ripening of fruit, slows plant activity |
| ABSCISIC ACID | Associated with seeding leaves, slow it down, high concentration, in fall |
| WEED KILLERS | Cause dandelions to grow and die |
| STIMULATE ROOT FORMATION FOR CUTTING | Rooting power aid in propagation |
| PRODUCE SEEDLESS FRUITS | Auxins applied to ovaries of some flowers causes them to develop into fruits without pollination |
| TROPISMS | A growth of part of a plant in a specific direction in response to a stimulus |
| POSITIVE | Growth toward a stimulus |
| NEGATIVE | Grows away from stimulus |
| PHOTOTROPISM | Light plant always grow toward light (positive phototropism) |
| GEOTROPISM | Roots generally grow down into the ground (positive phototropism) |
| CHEMOTROPISM | Chemicals |
| THIGMOTROPISM | Touch (grapevine around stem of another plant) |
| HYDROTROPISM | Water (ex: willow trees roots grow toward water) |
| NASTIC MOVEMENTS | Plant movements in response to a stimulus, but independent of the direction of the the stem. |
| SENSITIVE PLANT | If touched collapses; high concentration of ions; drops; makes plant lose turgor and water moves out of the cell which causes it to collapse (ex: Venus Fly trap) |
| PHOTOPERIODISM | Plant changes depending on length of day and night |
Created by:
desilva13
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