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AP Bio Ch. 14&15
Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a "Character" | a heritable feature, such as flower color, that varies among individuals |
| What is a "trait" | The variance of a character, such as purple or white colors for flowers |
| What is "True-Breading" | (pure) strains produce the same trait generation after generation |
| Genes vs. Alleles | a gene is like the broad characteristic such as color, and then an alleles is the code for what color an organism is |
| Locus(i) | position on a chromosome where the gene is located |
| Alleles | alternative forms of a gene, different genetic information for a protein |
| Phenotype | "form that is shown" the physical appearance of a trait |
| Genotype | the sum of an organism's alleles |
| Dominant Allele | an allele whose expression is readily seen; affects the phenotype more (seen in every generation) |
| Recessive Allele | an allele whose expression is less seen; affects the phenotype less (May skip a generation) |
| Homozygus | organisms with two identical alleles at the same locus |
| Heterozygus | organisms with two different alleles at one locus |
| How would separate genes located close to one another on a chromosome be inherited? | (called linked genes) Linked genes do not independently assort |
| Do linked genes independently assort? | no |
| Incomplete dominance | (1:2:1 ratio) when two homo's mate, their offspring can become mixed, such as a yellow and a red bird make an orange. but when two orange birds mate, their offspring can either be orange, red, or yellow. the genes do not blend together, they come back. |
| Codominance | ? |
| What is "agglutination" | the clumping of blood due to antibodies |
| Pleiotrophy | when one gene or allele has multiple phenotypes |
| Epistasis | when a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of another gene at a second locus |
| Polygenic traits | give a bell shaped curve, ex. height and weight |
| XX | female |
| XY | male |
| What determines sex in humans | depends upon hormone levels in the embryo |
| What is the trigger for hormones released as a fetus to determine gender | the SRY gene on the Y |
| What is SRY responsible for | the development of the testes |
| What happens when there is no SRY | there isn't any hormones to create testes, so the gonads develop into ovaries. |
| What is the default sex in humans | females |
| What are some X-linked human diseases | Color blindness, Albinism-Deafness syndrome, and muscular dystrophies, SCID |
| What is an unused X-chromosome | a barr body |
| Barr body | unused female x-chromosome |
| What is "X-inactivation" | when one chromosome in a female cell becomes inactive during embryonic developement |
| Can males do X-inactivation | no, because they only have one x chromosome |
| When are Barr bodies re-actived | in the ovary cells |
| How does the female body know which X to inactivate | it doesn't, it's random and independent |
| What are the 4 types of nondisjunction | deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation |
| What is "deletion" | when a chromosome is taken out completely |
| What is "duplication" | when a chromosome stutters, or makes a copy of itself |
| What is "inversion" | when a chromosome flips itself |
| What is "translocation" | when a chromosome switches with another |
| What does nondisjunction lead to | an abnormal chromosome number in zygotes |
| Trisomy | one more chromosome (47) |
| Monosomy | one less chromosome (45) |
| Monosomatics | organisms which have lost one copy of a chromosome, so they do not have two copies, this is FATAL |
| Trisomatics | most do not survive, but can for a time, they are down syndrome, and mentally retarded kids |
Created by:
Kmarx
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