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Biology Term 3 Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is biology? | Study of all forms of life |
| What is biosphere? | everywhere life exists |
| What is biodiversity? | the variety of life -generally increases from the poles to the equator -greater in areas with warm temperatures |
| what is species? | one particular type of living thing |
| What is an organism? | any individual living thing |
| What are the 4 characteristics of an organism? | 1. All living things are made of one or more CELLS 2. all need energy for METABOLISM 3.all RESPOND to their environment 4. all have DNA that they pass on to their offsprings |
| what is a system? | organized group of interacting parts |
| what is an ecosystem? | includes living and nonliving things that interact |
| What is Structure and Function? | -how it is made -what it does -structure determines function |
| What must organisms maintain to survive in diverse environments? | homeostasis |
| what is homeostasis? | maintenance of constant internal conditions -usually maintained through negative feedback and with behaviors and adaptations |
| What is negative feedback? | systems returns to normal set point |
| What is the scientific process? | -Problem -Hypothesis -Experiment -Observations -Conclusion |
| what is qualitative data? | description data |
| What is quantitative data? | number data |
| What is an independent variable? | -x axis -I can change or choose this data -this effects dependent variable -horizontal line |
| What is the dependent variable? | -y axis -observed and measured -results -vertical line |
| What is a constant? | something that kept the same the whole time |
| What is the control setup? | the normal conditions |
| What is a theory? | -explains a range of observations -supported by evidence -changed based on new evidence |
| What is a line graph? | -most often used -used when variable reacts to another -used when time is the independent variable |
| what is a bar graph? | - used when data is in categories |
| What is an atom? | the smallest basic unit of life - includes a nucleus and protons |
| what is an element? | is type of atom |
| what does a nucleus include? | Protons and neutrons |
| what are electrons? | energy level outside the nucleus - |
| what are protons? | energy level inside the nucleus + |
| Is a atom neutral? | yes |
| what is a compound? | made of atoms of different elements bonded together -example: CO2 |
| What is an ion? | an atom with a charge |
| When are ions formed | when atoms of different elements are bonded together |
| What is an ionic bond? | it forms between opposite charged ions |
| What is a covalent bond? | atoms that said pairs of electrons |
| What type of molecule is water? | polar |
| what is a polar molecule? | have slightly charged regions |
| what is a non polar molecule? | don't have any charged regions |
| what is a hydrogen bond? | bond that formed between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms |
| what are the 3 properties of water that hydrogen bonds are in charge of? | 1. High specific heat 2. cohesion 3. adhesion |
| What is hight specific heat? | ability to resist a change in temperature -important in homeostasis |
| What is cohesion? | waters ability to stick to itself -example: bugs being able to walk on water |
| what is adhesion? | waters ability to stick to other things -example: capillary action- waters ability to move up trees |
| what is a solution? | its formed when one substance dissolves in another -solution=solute + solvent |
| what is a solute? | something dissolves and disappears |
| what is a solvent? | something that does the dissolving |
| what does likes dissolve likes mean? | -polar solvents dissolve polar solutes - nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes |
| what is an acid? | a compound that releases a hydrogen ion when it dissolves into water -high hydrogen concentration -ph is less than 7 |
| what do some compounds form? | acids and bases |
| what is a base? | it removes hydrogen ions from a solution -low hydrogen concentration -ph greater than 7 |
| what is the neutral solution? | a ph of 7 |
| what are carbon atoms? | they have unique bonding properties -they form covalent bonds with up to 4 other atoms |
| what are the 3 types of carbon based molecules? | 1. straight chain 2.branched chain 3. ring |
| what is a monomer? | any individual subunits |
| what is a polymer? | made up of many monomers |
| what are the 4 types of carbon-based molecules and in living things? | 1. carbohydrates (sugar and starches) 2.monosaccharides; simple sugars 3.polysaccarides (starches, cellulose, and glycogen) 4.lipids; nonpolar molecules that include fats and oiled and cholesterol |
| what are enzymes? | catalysts for chemical reactions in living things |
| what are catalysts? | substances that sped up chemical reactions -decrease activation energy -increase reaction rate |
| enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions | |
| what is the structure of an enzyme? | lock and key |
| what are cells? | the basic unit of life |
| what are the 3 parts of the cell theory? | 1. all organisms are made of cells 2. all existing cells are produced by other cells 3.the cell is the most basic unit of life |
| what is a prokaryote cell? | - no nucleus -no membrane bound organelles -mostly single celled -bacteria cells |
| what is a eukaryote cell? | -more complex - has membrane bound organelles -has nucleus -few singled cells -animal and plant cell |
| Cell membrane? | regulates what goes in and out of a cell - phospholipid bilayer -fluid mosaic |
| cell wall? | protects and helps maintain the chap of the cell |
| Nucleus? | store genetic information -DNA -nucleolus |
| Nucleolus? | creates ribosomes |
| cytokeleton? | provides framework to give the cell its shape |
| cytoplasm? | converts solar energy to chemical energy |
| ribosome? | links amino acids to form proteins |
| Rough ER? | manafacutures proteins |
| Smooth ER? | processes lipids |
| golgi complex? | packages and moves stuff out of the cell |
| vacuole? | fills with water, pushing against cell membrane to help make cell rigid |
| mitochondria? | supply of energy in the cells |
| chloroplasts? | turns light energy into chemical energy |
| lysosome? | contains enzymes to digest material |
| vesicle? | storage in cell |
| centrioles? | used to pull chromosomes |
| what are the 2 functions of a cell membrane? | 1. forms a boundary between the inside and outside 2. controls what goes in and out of cell |
| what is a security permeable? | some molecules can cross the membrane and others can't |
| What is are chemical signals? | transmitted across the cell membrane |
| what is passive transport? | process that doesn't require energy input from a cell |
| what are the 2 types of passive transport? | 1. diffusion 2. osmosis |
| what is diffusion? | anything moving |
| What is osmosis? | the diffusion of water molecules across a cell membrane |
| what are the 3 toes of solutions? | 1. isotonic 2.hypertonic 3.hypotonic |
| what is isotonic? | equal concentration in and out of cell |
| what is hypertonic? | more concentration outside of the cell |
| what is hypotonic? | more concentration inside the cell |
| what is facilitated diffusion? | diffusion through transport proteins |
| do osmosis and diffusion need energy? | no |
| what is active transport? | process that requires energy to push something from low to high - powered by chemical energy (ATP) -use to maintain homeostasis |
| are photosynthetic organisms producers? | yes |
| what are producers? | make their own source of chemical energy |
| what is photosynthesis? | captures energy from sunlight to make sugars |
| what is chlorophyl? | molecule that absorbs light energy - found in chloroplasts of plants |
| what are the 2 places photosynthesis occurs in the cloroplasts? | grana: thylakoids stroma: liquid |
| what is light dependent? | -needs sun -takes place in the thylakoids -water is needed -chlorophyll absorbs energy -energy is transferred to reaction - oxygen is released |
| what is light independent? | - no light -makes sugars -takes place in stroma -needs carbon dioxide -uses energy to build sugar using chemical reactions |
| What is the photosynthesis formula? | 6CO2 + 6H2O --------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| What are the 3 parts of cellular respiration? | 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain |
| what is glycolysis? | -anaerobic process that doesn't require oxygen -takes place in cytoplasm - 2 ATP molecules |
| what is the krebs cycle? | -takes place in the mitochondria - releases carbon dioxide -makes small amount of ATP |
| what is electron transport chain? | -takes place in the mitochondria -oxygen enters the process - a lot of ATP produced -water released as a waste product |
| What is the formula for cellular respiration? | C6H12O6 + 6O2 ->->->->->-> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle? | 1. Gap 1: cell growth and doing normal functions 2. DNA synthesis: making DNA 3. Gap 2: additional growth (grow more) 4.mitosis: dividing cell cytoplasm |
| when does mitosis occur? | when the cell is large enough and when the DNA is undamaged |
| what is a chromatin? | DNA and proteins |
| what is a chromatid? | 1/2 of a duplicated chromosome |
| what is a centromere? | sister chromatids are held together at this point |
| What is a telomer? | protects the DNA and doesn't include genes |
| what does mitosis and cytokinesis produce? | 2 genetically identical daughter cells |
| what is the cycle of mitosis and cytokinesis? | 1. interphase: in between 2.prophase; preparing to divide 3.metaphase: middle 4.anaphase: away 5. telophase: telescope pulling apart |
| what is exocytosis? | the movement of molecules our of a cell by having a vesicle fuse with a membrane |
| what regulates cell division? | internal and external factors |
| what are growth factors? | proteins that stimulate cell division |
| what is apoptosis? | a programmed cell death |
| when is cell division uncontrolled? | in cancer |
| what are tumors ? | disorganized clumps formed by cancer cells |
| what is Benign tumors? | remain clustered and can be removed |
| what is malignant tumors? | break away and can form more tumors |
| what is carcinogens? | substances known to promote cancer |
| what are the 4 nucleotides of DNA? | Thymine-T Adenine- A cytosine- C guanine- G |
| what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | -phosphate: circle -Deoxyribose sugar: pentagon - nitrogen containing base: pentagon and hexagon |
| how are bases connected? | hydrogen bonds |
| what is DNA replication? | copy of the genetic information |
| when is DNA replicated? | during the synthesis stage of the cell cycle |
| what carries out the process of replication? | proteins |
| who does the work of replication? | enzymes |
| where does replication start? | eukaryote chromosomes |
| what is central dogma? | it states that info flow in one direction from dan and ran to proteins |
| what are the 3 processes of central dogma? | -replication -transcription -translation |
| what is RNA? | a link between DNA and proteins |
| how is RNA different from DNA? | -rna has ribose sugar -rna has a U instead of a T -single stranded structure |
| what does transcription do? | copies DNA to make a strand of RNA |
| what does translation do? | converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide |
| what is a polypeptide/ | another name for a protein |
| what is a codon? | sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for a amino acid |
| what is a anticodon? | a set of 3 nucleotides that are complementary to a mRNA codon |
| what are gametes? | they are sex cells and have 23 chromosomes |
| What are somatic cells? | body cells that have 46 chromosomes |
| what is a homologous pair of chromosomes? | have same structure |
| what are the sex cells | x and y -XX female -XY male |
| what is a Diploid cell? | cell that have 2 copy of every chromosome -somatic cell |
| what is a haploid cell? | cells that have 1 copy of every chromosomes -gamate cells |
| what happens during meiosis? | - 1 doubling and 2 division 46->92->46->23 -haploid cells -at certain reproductive times |
| what is gametogensis? | production of gametes |
| what are traits? | distinguishing characteristics that are inherited |
| what is genetics? | the study of biological inheritance patterns and variations |
| what is an allele? | discrete version of the same gene |
| what is genotype? | the genes of an organism for 1 trait (using the alleles) |
| what is phenotype? | the physical appearance of a trait in an organism |
| Incomplete dominance? | AA, A'A, or A'A' blended |
| Co-Dominance? | 2 genes - example: RR and WW |
| Multiple Alleles? | blood types |
| blood type A? | IaIa or IaIi |
| blood type B? | IbIb or IbIi |
| blood type AB? | IaIb |
| blood type O? | ii |
| what is a subscript? | shows the absence of certain proteins |
| sex linked? | XX and XY |
| Polygenic? | 2 or more genes -AA BB CC |
| environmental influence? | when a organism has an allele but sometimes not show it |
| Pedigrees? | graphic form form of a family genetic ancestry ( look for a disease) -square for male -circle for female |
| what is cloning? | 2 organisms that have the exact genetic copies |
Created by:
cara davidson
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